{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:30:50Z","timestamp":1774679450534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF16OC0022902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF16OC0022902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Apgar score is routinely given at childbirth worldwide. A low Apgar score at 5\u00a0minutes is a strong predictor for neonatal death. Scores below 7 have been associated with higher risks of later neurologic disability. Few studies have assessed the association between Apgar score and school performance and intelligence. The existing literature points towards a possible association between Apgar score and later cognitive function, but the contradictions call for further investigation to fully understand the potential association. This study aimed to examine the possible association between Apgar score at 5\u00a0minutes and academic performance and intelligence in youth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study is a cohort study. The cohort consists of all Danish liveborn children in 1978\u20132000 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01\u00a0450\u00a0681). Data regarding pregnancies, births, parents, school grades, and intelligence of the children were retrieved from different Danish registers. Multiple imputations were performed to avoid discarding data. After exclusion, the final cohort consisted of 1\u00a0005\u00a0241 children. Associations between Apgar score at 5\u00a0minutes and school graduation, grades and attendance, and intelligence scores from conscription were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic and linear regressions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No association was found between Apgar score and graduating primary school. Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of graduating upper secondary education and attending conscription were significantly lower for children with scores below 7 compared with 7\u201310: graduating upper secondary education: Apgar 0\u20133: aOR 0.79 (95% CI 0.67\u20130.93), Apgar 4\u20136: aOR 0.86 (95% CI 0.81\u20130.93), attending conscription: Apgar 0\u20133: aOR 0.73 (95% CI 0.59\u20130.91), Apgar 4\u20136: aOR 0.73 (95% CI 0.66\u20130.80). The Apgar 4\u20136 group had significantly lower total mean primary school grade average: \u22120.13 (95% CI \u22120.21 to \u22120.054) and lower mean intelligence scores at conscription: \u22120.57 (95% CI \u22121.09 to \u22120.058). All other differences remained insignificant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Performances when graduating school and attending conscription were overall equal regardless of Apgar score at 5\u00a0minutes. Chances of graduating primary school were the same irrespective of the score, but chances of graduating upper secondary education and attending conscription were significantly lower with scores below 7. The results suggest that children with scores below 7 may fail to appear at upper secondary education and conscription, but if they do, they perform equally to anyone else.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T03:48:30Z","timestamp":1643082510000},"page":"303-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Association of Apgar score at 5\u00a0minutes with academic performance and intelligence in youth: A cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0080-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes Kielgast","family":"Ladelund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9054-054X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik Jager","family":"Bruun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3516-326X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie Anna","family":"Slavensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5695-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steen","family":"Ladelund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Global Development  S\u00f8borg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3868-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrik Schi\u00f8ler","family":"Kesmodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Herlev Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aalborg University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102153440701"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.68.1.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(01)01370-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.86.1.F16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000208478.47401.b6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-9-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00456-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31822200eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.123745"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(92)90750-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0356-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"320","article-title":"The Danish medical birth registry","volume":"45","author":"Knudsen LB","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811401482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"The Danish National Hospital Register. 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