{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:42:55Z","timestamp":1789659775149,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of induction of labor, for both medical reasons and as an elective procedure, has been rising and a further increase in induction of labor following the ARRIVE trial may be expected. The effects of induction of labor at term on childhood neurodevelopment, however, are not well studied. We aimed to study the influence of elective induction of labor for each week of gestation separately from 37 to 42\u2009weeks on offspring school performance at 12\u2009years of age after uncomplicated pregnancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a population\u2010based study among 226\u2009684 liveborn children from uncomplicated singleton pregnancies, born from 37<jats:sup>+0<\/jats:sup> to 42<jats:sup>+0<\/jats:sup>\u2009weeks of gestation in cephalic presentation in 2003\u20132008 (no hypertensive disorders, diabetes or birthweight \u2264p5) in the Netherlands. Children with congenital anomalies, of non\u2010white mothers and born after planned cesarean section were excluded. Birth records were linked with national data on school achievement. We compared, using a fetus\u2010at\u2010risk approach and per week of gestation, school performance score and secondary school level at age 12 in those born after induction of labor to those born after non\u2010intervention, ie spontaneous onset of labor in the same week plus all those born at later gestations. Education scores were standardized to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 and adjusted in the regression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For each gestational age up to 41\u2009weeks, induction of labor was associated with decreased school performance scores compared with non\u2010intervention (at 37\u2009weeks \u22120.05 SD, 95% confidence interval [CI] \u22120.10 to \u22120.01 SD; adjusted for confounding factors). After induction of labor, fewer children reached higher secondary school level (at 38\u2009weeks 48% vs 54%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.88, 95% CI 0.82\u20130.94).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In women with uncomplicated pregnancies at term, consistently, at every week of gestation from 37 to 41\u2009weeks, induction of labor is associated with lower offspring school performance at age 12 and lower secondary school level compared with non\u2010intervention, although residual confounding may remain. These long\u2010term effects of induction of labor should be incorporated in counseling and decision making.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T08:07:25Z","timestamp":1677053245000},"page":"486-495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Offspring school performance at age 12 after induction of labor vs non\u2010intervention at term: A linked cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3842-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e J.","family":"Burger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Pregnancy and Birth  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8337-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben W.","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7243-2115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wessel","family":"Ganzevoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Pregnancy and Birth  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3915-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanne J.","family":"Gordijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Pajkrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Pregnancy and Birth  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris A. M.","family":"Van\u00a0Der\u00a0Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Pregnancy and Birth  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3277-2542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christianne J. M.","family":"De\u00a0Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Pregnancy and Birth  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3447-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita C. J.","family":"Ravelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Pregnancy and Birth  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"CD004945","article-title":"Induction of labour at or beyond 37\u2009weeks' gestation","volume":"7","author":"Middleton P","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000289"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"324","article-title":"Gestational age at birth and academic performance: population\u2010based cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Abel K","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).Australia's mothers and babies. 2019 28 June 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Stichting Perinatale Registratie Nederland.Perinatale Zorg in Nederland 2009. [Netherlands Perinatal Registry Foundation. Perinatal Care in the Netherlands 2009.] In Dutch. Utrecht: Stichting Perinatale Registratie Nederland;2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208098"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800566"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l344"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6131"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134780"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13194"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13324"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310950"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306124"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp413"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3496"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198482"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0238"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-021287"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12766"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","unstructured":"Statistics Netherlands (CBS).Microdata: Conducting your own research;2021[cited 2021 6 November]. Available from:https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/en\u2010gb\/onze\u2010diensten\/customised\u2010services\u2010microdata\/microdata\u2010conducting\u2010your\u2010own\u2010research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","unstructured":"Perined.Facilitating scientific research (Dutch: Faciliteren wetenschappelijk onderzoek);2021[cited 2021 6 November]. Available from:https:\/\/www.perined.nl\/onderwerpen\/datadoorlevering\/faciliteren\u2010wetenschappelijk\u2010onderzoek"}],"container-title":["Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aogs.14520","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aogs.14520","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aogs.14520","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T16:37:09Z","timestamp":1743784629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aogs.14520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aogs.14520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.14520","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6349","1600-0412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6349","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}