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Beneficial or possible adverse consequences of such diets, particularly the most restrictive forms during pregnancy, have been minimally explored. The aim of this prospective observational study was to examine associations between different forms of plant\u2010based diets during pregnancy with birth outcomes and pregnancy complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Danish National Birth Cohort included 100\u2009413 pregnancies to 91\u2009381 women in 1996\u20132002. The population consisted of 66\u2009738 pregnancies, about which sufficient dietary data were available and included in the study. Dietary and supplemental intake was assessed by Food Frequency Questionnaire in gestational week 25 and women were characterized as fish\/poultry\u2010vegetarians, lacto\/ovo\u2010vegetarians, vegans or omnivorous, based on their self\u2010report in gestational week 30. Main outcome measures were pregnancy and birth complications, birthweight and small for gestational age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 98.7% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200965\u2009872) of participants were defined as omnivorous, whereas 1.0% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009666), 0.3% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009183) and 0.03% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200918) identified themselves as fish\/poultry vegetarians, lacto\/ovo\u2010vegetarians or vegans, respectively. Protein intake was lower among lacto\/ovo\u2010vegetarians (13.3%) and vegans (10.4%) than among omnivorous participants (15.4%). Intake of micronutrients was also considerably lower among vegans, but when dietary supplements were taken into consideration, no major differences were observed. Compared with omnivorous mothers, vegans had a higher prevalence of preeclampsia and their offspring had on average \u2212240\u2009g (95% confidence interval \u2212450 to \u221230) lower birthweight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The women reporting that they adhered to vegan diets during pregnancy had offspring with lower mean birthweight and higher risk of preeclampsia compared with omnivorous mothers. Low protein intake might be one plausible explanation for the observed association with birthweight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T08:01:14Z","timestamp":1706083274000},"page":"1046-1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Adherence to different forms of plant\u2010based diets and pregnancy outcomes in the Danish National Birth Cohort: A\u00a0prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0150-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Signe","family":"Hedegaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Marie Center University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7039-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen Aagaard","family":"Nohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjurdur Frodi","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiologic Research Statens Serum Institut  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorhallur Ingvi","family":"Halldorsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiologic Research Statens Serum Institut  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition University of Iceland  Reykjav\u00edk Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina Martha","family":"Renault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Marie Center University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071365"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00804-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601629"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Vegan diet","volume":"63","author":"Richter M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ernahrungs Umschau"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948010290040201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00777.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Typiske v\u00e6gte for madvarer","volume":"40","author":"Andersen LT","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","unstructured":"Food data (frida.fooddata.dk) version 4.2 2022. 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