{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1792027267496,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latvia, alongside other Baltic and Nordic countries, exhibits some of the world's lowest preterm birth (PTB) rates. We sought to identify the factors sustaining this stability and to examine how PTB structure, trends, and risk factors have evolved in Latvia over time, amid the nation's significant socioeconomic transformation in recent decades.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study analyzed all term and PTBs in Latvia from 2000 to 2023, using data from the Disease Prevention and Control Centre's Health Statistics database. We evaluated records at 5\u2010year intervals, assessing temporal trends in PTB and term birth outcomes, including neonatal and perinatal mortality, labor onset (spontaneous or indicated), and prematurity subgroups, alongside known PTB risk factors (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916). Joinpoint regression identified significant trend shifts, with statistical significance set at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Latvia's overall PTB rate remained stable at 5.5% from 2000 to 2023, with no significant trend, while the proportion of spontaneous versus indicated PTB changed over time. Spontaneous extremely PTB decreased by 0.7% every 5\u2009years, from 8.5% in 2000 to 5.2% in 2023 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005), and very to moderate PTB declined by 1.3% every 5\u2009years, from 26.2% to 19.5% over the same period (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011). A significant upward trend was identified in the total indicated PTB rate, with an increase of 3.3% every 5\u2009years, rising from 12.5% in 2000 to 29.2% in 2023 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036), driven by the increase in late indicated PTBs. Perinatal mortality for PTB in Latvia declined significantly by 1.21% every 5\u2009years, from 13.15% in 2000 to 7.09% in 2023 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). Primiparity, smoking, urinary tract infections, and lower education levels among PTB mothers decreased significantly, while maternal age, previous cesarean sections, and intrauterine growth restriction as PTB risk factors increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite PTB structure and risk factor shifts, Latvia's 5.5% PTB rate remained stable over two decades, with indicated PTB rising due to expanded late preterm indications. Improved neonatal and perinatal mortality reflect effective guidelines, socioeconomic growth, and care investments, countering adverse trends.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.70015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:20:42Z","timestamp":1752236442000},"page":"1929-1938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preterm birth in Latvia: Two\u2010decade national trends, structure, and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Andzane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Maternity Hospital  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0413-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludmila","family":"Volozonoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oncology and Molecular Genetics R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9120-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksims","family":"Zolovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences and Technology Daugavpils University  Daugavpils Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5363-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kornete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Maternity Hospital  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6287-7017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dace","family":"Rezeberga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Maternity Hospital  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Gynaecology Clinic Riga East Clinical University Hospital  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1592-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Miskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Maternity Hospital  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000156"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1775564"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890701806181"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13234"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1607317"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13195"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15857"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","unstructured":"European Perinatal Health Report. 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