{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:10:38Z","timestamp":1777633838113,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With liberalization of abortion laws in the Nordic countries during the 1970s, there were efforts to prevent unplanned pregnancies among young women by improved contraceptive provision. In an ecological design, we describe country\u2010specific actions for meeting young women's contraceptive needs and their impact on induced abortion and births.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used national data from 1974 to 2023 on populations and numbers of induced abortions and births for 15\u201319\u2010 and 20\u201324\u2010year\u2010old women. Available public documents included information on preventive measures, availability of hormonal contraceptives (providers\/dispensation), and reimbursement schemes. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess breakpoints in country\u2010specific age trends for annual abortion and birth rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sweden authorized midwives to prescribe contraceptives in 1976, Norway in 2002 (and public health nurses), Finland in 2020 (and public health nurses) and Iceland in 2021, while physicians have remained the only provider in Denmark. Sweden set up youth clinics from the late 1970s and clinics opened in Norway from the early 1990s. Partial or full reimbursement for combined oral contraceptives to 16\u201323\u2010year\u2010old women began gradually in Sweden in the early 1990s and expanded to a national program on contraceptives in 2014\/2016. A Norwegian free\u2010of\u2010charge scheme to 16\u201319\u2010year\u2010old women for combined oral contraceptives from 2002 changed in 2006 to include partial coverage for short\u2010acting reversible contraceptives and was expanded to long\u2010acting reversible contraceptives in 2015\/2016. In Finland two large cities offered long\u2010acting reversible contraceptive free\u2010of\u2010charge from 2007\/2013. Denmark and Iceland have not had reimbursement schemes for hormonal contraceptives. We found no breakpoints in trends for induced abortions and births that could relate to any preventive actions. Trends were relatively similar in countries with or without expanded prescription rights to midwives\/public health nurses and unrelated to reimbursement schemes. Birth rates among women &lt;25\u2009years are now &lt;10% of those seen 50\u2009years ago, while most of the decline in abortion rates took place after 2010.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trends for induced abortion and births among women &lt;25\u2009years have developed similarly across the Nordic countries. They are global and appear less likely to be associated with national health services and targeted contraceptive policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:31:35Z","timestamp":1773743495000},"page":"847-858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Birth and abortion rates among young women over the past 50\u2009years examined in relation to providers and reimbursement for hormonal contraception across the Nordic countries, an ecological study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9875-4991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finn Egil","family":"Skjeldestad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences UiT the Arctic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"Gissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data and Analysis, THL Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Region Stockholm  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reynir T\u00f3mas","family":"Geirsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Clinic Landspitali University Hospital  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6516-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Gemzell\u2010Danielsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-130X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oskari","family":"Heikinheimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305701"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"ZetterbergH.Om sexuallivet i Sverige. 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