{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:50:11Z","timestamp":1789487411654,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fetal growth and birthweight are influenced by various endogenous and exogenous factors during pregnancy. Pregnant women with obesity face higher rates of complications, which can impact fetal growth. This study aims to explore how gestational weight gain and metabolic factors, such as HbA1C and adipokines, are associated with fetal growth in the second and third trimesters and with birthweight in Norwegian women with a pregestational BMI \u226535\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Drammen Hospital from 2016 to 2019. We included 163 pregnant women (nulliparous 47.6%) with pregestational BMI \u226535\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and singleton pregnancy, excluding type 1 and 2 diabetes. Gestational weight gain (GWG) was calculated as the difference between pregestational weight and the last weight before delivery. Fetal growth was monitored via ultrasonography at five time points, alongside fasting metabolic samples withdrawn around 18 and 36\u2009weeks' gestation. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression in Stata Version 17.0.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean birthweight was within normal ranges (mean\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score 0.117). However, the proportions of LGA (18.4%) and SGA (12.9%) were high. One in three women was diagnosed with GDM, of whom approximately one in three needed medical treatment. In the adjusted multivariate analyses, only HbA1C measured around gestational week 36 and the weekly weight gain remained positively associated with birthweight, biparietal diameter, and mean abdominal diameter.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this population of pregnant women with pBMI \u226535\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , weekly GWG calculated from weight measurement around 36\u2009weeks' gestation was positively associated with birthweight (\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score), mean abdominal diameter (MAD), and biparietal diameter (BPD). HbA1C was positively associated with birthweight (\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score). Our results indicate that HbA1C and the modifiable GWG are exposures with the potential to influence fetal growth and birthweight. Nevertheless, current follow\u2010up protocols do not routinely emphasize these factors. Their evaluation therefore warrants further investigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.70298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:44:25Z","timestamp":1786527865000},"page":"1994-2004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of gestational weight gain and\n                    <scp>HbA1C<\/scp>\n                    on fetal growth and birthweight in women with obesity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja Lecic","family":"Bonnichsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Drammen Hospital  Drammen Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Qvigstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lill Trine","family":"Nyfl\u00f8t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Drammen Hospital  Drammen Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Research Centre for Women's Health Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guttorm","family":"Haugen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R. P.","family":"Denault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Institute, University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE) Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Cecilie","family":"Roland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3554"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0261-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3635"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232749"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Use of glycosylated hemoglobin as a screen for macrosomia in gestational diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Baxi L","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12308-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15661"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3820"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00255-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15386"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005612"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.15254"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","first-page":"328","article-title":"Third trimester HbA1c and the association with large\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age neonates in women with gestational diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Fonseca L","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","volume-title":"Weight Gain during Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines","author":"Institute of M, National Research Council Committee to Reexamine IOMPWG. The National Academies Collection: reports funded by National Institutes of Health","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004395"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14968"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","unstructured":"HenriksenT.Norwegian national obstetric guidelines issued by the Norwegian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Gestational diabetes 2014.2014https:\/\/www.legeforeningen.no\/foreningsledd\/fagmed\/norsk\u2010gynekologisk\u2010forening\/veiledere\/arkiv\u2010utgatte\u2010veiledere\/veileder\u2010i\u2010fodselshjelp\u20102014\/15.\u2010adipositas\u2010og\u2010svangerskapfodsel\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","volume-title":"Norwegian national obstetric guidelines issued by the Norwegian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Hypertensive pregnancy complications and eclampsia","author":"Staff A","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","volume-title":"Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I Weight Gain: Part II Nutrient Supplements","author":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Nutritional Status During P, Lactation. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I Weight Gain: Part II Nutrient Supplements","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348209156952"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15954"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106590"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","unstructured":"FHI Statistikk.Births at institution per year maternity institution and illness in the mother during pregnancy [Internet].2025https:\/\/statistikk.fhi.no\/mfr\/huaTZPTEgKPshBARa0sUvU7NQ6K9msXJo3qlhaJ1Lnw?FODSELSTIDSPUNKT_2005=2016 2017 2018 2019&FODEINSTITUSJON=0000 1_150 1_150_40601&SYKDOM_MOR_I=1 2 3 4 5 6&MEASURE_TYPE=SVANGERSKAP_ANTALL"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab270"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","first-page":"S306","article-title":"15. Management of Diabetes in pregnancy: standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","author":"Committee ADAPP","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061732"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.34830"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","first-page":"S109","article-title":"Neonatal mortality risk of large\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age and macrosomic live births in 15 countries, including 115.6 million nationwide linked records, 2000\u20132020","volume":"32","author":"Su\u00e1rez\u2010Idueta L","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.3785"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48027-2"}],"container-title":["Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aogs.70298","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aogs.70298","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aogs.70298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:26:30Z","timestamp":1789482390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aogs.70298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aogs.70298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.70298","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6349","1600-0412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6349","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}