{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:10:41Z","timestamp":1789161041764,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pain relief during labor is essential. Systemic opioids for labor analgesia have been used for decades as a less invasive alternative to epidural analgesia (EA). Although their analgesic efficacy is generally considered inferior to EA, concerns regarding potential maternal and neonatal adverse effects have likely limited their wider adoption. Measurements of fentanyl concentration may provide an objective assessment of systemic exposure and potential transfer to the fetus and colostrum. The aim of the study was to compare fentanyl concentrations in maternal plasma, umbilical cord blood, and colostrum following intravenous (midwife\u2010administered) versus epidural administration for labor analgesia. We also included a group of women, who initially received intravenous fentanyl but were subsequently converted to EA due to insufficient pain relief.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective study included three groups: women who received fentanyl epidurally only (EA), intravenously only (IV), or intravenously followed by epidural administration (IV\u2009+\u2009EA). Samples of maternal plasma, arterial and venous umbilical cord plasma, and two colostrum samples were collected for analysis of fentanyl concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 98 women were included: 34 in the EA group, 38 in the IV group and 26 in the IV\u2009+\u2009EA group. Fentanyl concentrations were significantly higher in the IV group compared to the EA group in maternal plasma (0.25\u2009ng\/mL vs. 0.11\u2009ng\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and umbilical vein plasma (0.084\u2009ng\/mL vs. 0.054\u2009ng\/mL, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, within the first 24\u2009h postpartum, no significant differences in fentanyl concentrations were observed in colostrum samples between the IV and EA groups (0.020\u2009ng\/mL vs. 0.021\u2009ng\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.93). The estimated theoretical infant dose through breastfeeding in the total study population was very low (0.0079\u2009\u03bcg). All measured fentanyl concentrations were low and were accompanied by normal early warning scores, with no requirement for naloxone administration or ventilator support in any group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous fentanyl for labor analgesia was associated with low fentanyl concentrations in maternal plasma, umbilical cord plasma, and colostrum. These findings suggest that intravenous fentanyl may be considered as an additional analgesic option for laboring women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.70302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T21:04:38Z","timestamp":1789160678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma and colostrum concentrations of fentanyl in clinical practice: Intravenous versus epidural administration for labor analgesia"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2164-6492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedicte Sandhaug","family":"Nygaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology S\u00f8rlandet Hospital Kristiansand  Kristiansand Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnhild Bergene","family":"Skr\u00e5stad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology St. Olav`s University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olav","family":"Spigset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology St. Olav`s University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9146-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonje Gottenberg","family":"Skaalvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology St. Olav`s University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1678-7309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Are Hugo","family":"Pripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Rossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology S\u00f8rlandet Hospital Kristiansand  Kristiansand Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","article-title":"Epidural versus non\u2010epidural or no analgesia in labour","volume":"12","author":"Anim\u2010Somuah M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst 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