{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:51:27Z","timestamp":1781841087117,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Intervertebral disc spacers using bioactive ceramics have been used to treat degenerative spinal disease. Tooth\u2010shaped spacers are commonly used to prevent migration, but there is a possibility of fracture when inserted or after insertion. Intervertebral disc spacers with either an isosceles triangle\u2010shaped tooth (T<\/jats:styled-content>1) or a right triangle\u2010shaped tooth (T<\/jats:styled-content>2) were used as a control group. The design factors for the experimental group were modified to prevent fractures induced by stress concentration, and the surfaces of the spacers were designed as either an isosceles triangle\u2010shaped valley (V<\/jats:styled-content>1) or a right triangle\u2010shaped valley (V<\/jats:styled-content>2). Linear analysis using finite element model (FEM<\/jats:styled-content>) was performed, and V<\/jats:styled-content>on M<\/jats:styled-content>ises stress distribution was calculated by applying 1000\u2009N of uniformly distributed load. Samples of the V<\/jats:styled-content>2 design were made with bioactive glass\u2010ceramics (BGS<\/jats:styled-content>\u20107) and evaluated for compressive strength, fatigue degree, and impact strength. V<\/jats:styled-content>on M<\/jats:styled-content>ises stress was highest at the first tooth from the posterior side for the control group and at the center for the experimental group. Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed 18.4% and 82.5% reduction (V<\/jats:styled-content>1 vs. T<\/jats:styled-content>1 and V<\/jats:styled-content>2 vs. T<\/jats:styled-content>2, respectively) in the maximum stress at the bottom of the valleys. The FEM<\/jats:styled-content> analysis revealed that the V<\/jats:styled-content>2 design had the most even load distribution. The V<\/jats:styled-content>2 samples with bioactive glass\u2010ceramics were evaluated for compressive strength, and all six samples were not fractured up to 24\u2009000\u2009N. However, the average impact strength was 19.42\u2009kN, suggesting that momentary force caused damage at a lower load than compression with a steady speed. The BGS<\/jats:styled-content>\u20107 intervertebral disc spacer with V<\/jats:styled-content>2 design was not fractured during the fatigue test at maximum pressure of 8000\u2009N, R<\/jats:styled-content> \u226510, 5\u2009Hz, and 5 million cycles. These data confirm that the BGS<\/jats:styled-content>\u20107 spacer with the V<\/jats:styled-content>2 design may be clinically applicable. Collectively, the modified surface geometry of the experimental group significantly lowered V<\/jats:styled-content>on M<\/jats:styled-content>ises stress values at the bottom of the valleys, and thus the possibility of fracture by compressive load was greatly reduced. Also, impact during insertion was confirmed to cause fracture more easily, as the impact strength was lower than the compressive strength in the experimental group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T09:08:35Z","timestamp":1375175315000},"page":"1014-1020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Finite Element Modeling of Stress Distribution in Intervertebral Spacers of Different Surface Geometries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Jae Hyup","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery College of Medicine Seoul National University, SMG\u2010SNU Boramae Medical Center Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering Medical Research Center Seoul National University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myong\u2010Hyun","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Device Development Center Osong Medical Innovation Foundation Cheongwon\u2010gun Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Dankook University Yongin\u2010si Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun\u2010Hyuk","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute BioAlpha, Inc. Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Ryul","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute BioAlpha, Inc. Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun\u2010Seung","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute BioAlpha, Inc. Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choon\u2010Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery College of Medicine Seoul National University, Seoul National University Hospital Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong\u2010Soon","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery College of Medicine Seoul National University, Seoul National University Hospital Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"425","article-title":"Effect of posterior lumbar interbody fusion on the lumbar sagittal spinal profile","volume":"141","author":"Diedrich O","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002150-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2009.1.4.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Long\u2010term evaluation of radiographic changes following cervical anterior fusion with hydroxyapatite ceramic spacer","volume":"24","author":"Imae S","year":"1996","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200202150-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2009.46.4.300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"811","article-title":"Treatment of bone defects in rabbit tibiae using CaO\u2010SiO2\u2010P2O5\u2010B2O3 bioactive glass\u2010ceramics: radiological, biomechanical, and histological evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Koo KH","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Effects of bisphosphonate\u2010treated bioactive ceramic grafts for the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Lee JH","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-011-0047-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480540903373647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181c4baf5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000112043.70321.1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200107010-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine","author":"White AA","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Faor.12107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aor.12107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T11:03:24Z","timestamp":1696331004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aor.12107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aor.12107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aor.12107","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-564X","1525-1594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-564X","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]]}}}