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However, due to the large numbers of cells, approximately on the order of a billion, that need to be transplanted for human diabetes therapy, adequate mass transport of nutrients such as oxygen presents a major challenge. Proof\u2010of\u2010concept for the design of a bioartificial endocrine pancreas (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAEP<\/jats:styled-content>) that is optimized to minimize hypoxia in a scalable and precise architecture is demonstrated using a combination of simulations and experiments. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAEP<\/jats:styled-content> is composed of an array of porous, lithographically patterned polyhedral capsules arrayed on a rolled\u2010up alginate sheet. All the important structural variables such as the capsule dimensions, pore characteristics, and spacing can be precisely engineered and tuned. Further, all cells are encapsulated within a single device with a volume not much greater than the total volume of the encapsulated cells, and no cell within the device is located more than 200\u2009\u03bcm from the surrounding medium that facilitates efficient mass transport with the surroundings. Compared with gel\u2010based encapsulation methods, our approach offers unprecedented precision and tunability of structural parameters as well as the volume of the encapsulated cells and consequently the amount of secreted insulin. Our work highlights the utility of lithography and self\u2010assembly in the fabrication of micro\u2010 and nanostructured three\u2010dimensional structures that simulate the function of natural endocrine organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]],"date-time":"2013-07-23T03:11:42Z","timestamp":1374549102000},"page":"1059-1067","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Design for a Lithographically Patterned Bioartificial Endocrine Pancreas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Jaehyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yevgeniy V.","family":"Kalinin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD 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