{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:36:46Z","timestamp":1785173806894,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Damage of the lymphatic vessels, commonly due to surgical resection for cancer treatment, leads to secondary lymphedema. Tissue engineering approach offers a possible solution to reconstruct this damage with the use of lymphatic graft to re\u2010establish the lymphatic flow, hence preventing lymphedema. The aim of this study is to develop a tissue\u2010engineered lymphatic graft using nanocomposite polymer and human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDLEC<\/jats:styled-content>s). A nanocomposite polymer, the polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane\u2010poly(carbonate\u2010urea)urethane (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POSS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCU<\/jats:styled-content>), which has enhanced mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics, was used to develop the lymphatic graft. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POSS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCU<\/jats:styled-content> has been used clinically for the world's first synthetic trachea, lacrimal duct, and is currently undergoing clinical trial for coronary artery bypass graft. Two designs and fabrication methods were used to manufacture the conduits. The fabrication method, the mechanical and physical properties, as well as the hydraulic conductivity were tested. This is followed by in vitro cell culture analysis to test the cytocompatibility of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDLEC<\/jats:styled-content> with the polymer surface. Using the casted extrusion method, the nanocomposite lymphatic graft demonstrates desirable mechanical property and hydraulic conductivity to re\u2010establish the lymphatic flow. The conduit has high tensile strength (casted: 74.86\u2009\u00b1\u20095.74\u2009MPa vs. coagulated: 31.33\u2009\u00b1\u20093.71\u2009MPa; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), favorable kink resistance, and excellent suture retention property (casted vs. coagulated, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Cytocompatibility study showed that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">POSS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCU<\/jats:styled-content> scaffold supports the attachment and growth of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDLEC<\/jats:styled-content>s. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a tissue\u2010engineered lymphatic graft using the nanocomposite polymer. It displays excellent mechanical property and cytocompatibility to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDLEC<\/jats:styled-content>s, offering much promise for clinical applications and as a new treatment option for secondary lymphedema.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T13:41:04Z","timestamp":1446212464000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development of a Tissue\u2010Engineered Lymphatic Graft Using Nanocomposite Polymer for the Treatment of Secondary Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Muholan","family":"Kanapathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Kalaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshin","family":"Mosahebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Seifalian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpsur.2010.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70076-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.07.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60737-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"University College London.Clinical Study of POSS\u2010PCU Vascular Grafts for Vascular Access.ClinicalTrials.gov[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US)2014. Available at:https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02301312. NLM Identifier: NCT02301312 Accessed July 22 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/CBB:45:2:129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"In situ endothelialization potential of a biofunctionalised nanocomposite biomaterial\u2010based small diameter bypass graft","volume":"19","author":"Mel A","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed Mater Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"SeifalianAM SalacinskiH HancockS.Polymer for use in conduits and medical devices 2005. 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