{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:55:07Z","timestamp":1793120107571,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation of Movement Recovery, Oslo, Norway"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001821","name":"Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LS11-057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS11-057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008191","name":"Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation (WfL)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WFL-AT-007\/11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WFL-AT-007\/11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this review of neurocontrol of movement after spinal cord injury, we discuss neurophysiological evidences of conducting and processing mechanisms of the spinal cord. We illustrate that external afferent inputs to the spinal cord below the level of the lesion can modify, initiate, and maintain execution of movement in absence or partial presence of brain motor control after chronic spinal cord injury. We review significant differences between spinal reflex activity elicited by single and repetitive stimulation. The spinal cord can respond with sensitization, habituation, and dis\u2010habituation to regular repetitive stimulation. Therefore, repetitive spinal cord reflex activity can contribute to the functional configuration of the spinal network. Moreover, testing spinal reflex activity in individuals with motor complete spinal cord injury provided evidences for subclinical residual brain influence, suggesting the existence of axons traversing the injury site and influencing the activities below the level of lesion. Thus, there are two motor control models of chronic spinal cord injury in humans: \u201cdiscomplete\u201d and \u201creduced and altered volitional motor control.\u201d We outline accomplishments in modification and initiation of altered neurocontrol in chronic spinal cord injury people with epidural and functional electrical stimulation. By nonpatterned electrical stimulation of lumbar posterior roots, it is possible to evoke bilateral extension as well as rhythmic motor outputs. Epidural stimulation during treadmill stepping shows increased and\/or modified motor activity. Finally, volitional efforts can alter epidurally induced rhythmic activities in incomplete spinal cord injury. Overall, we highlight that upper motor neuron paralysis does not entail complete absence of connectivity between cortex, brain stem, and spinal motor cells, but there can be altered anatomy and corresponding neurophysiological characteristics. With specific input to the spinal cord below the level of the lesion, the clinical status of upper motor neuron paralysis without structural modification can be modified, and movements can be initiated. Thus, external afferent input can partially replace brain control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T08:14:19Z","timestamp":1444983259000},"page":"823-833","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Neurocontrol of Movement in Humans With Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Milan R.","family":"Dimitrijevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Baylor College of Medicine  Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon M.","family":"Danner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Analysis and Scientific Computing Vienna University of Technology  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.1925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"The Way In and the Way Out: Francois Magendie, Charles Bell, and the Roots of the Spinal Nerves: With a Facsim. of Charles Bell's Annotated Copy of His Ideas of a New Anatomy of the Brain","author":"Cranefield PF","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"The Integrative Action of the Nervous System","author":"Sherrington CS","year":"1906"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60803-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3975635"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/90.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/90.2.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.2.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/93.4.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/94.1.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Studies of spasticity in man. 6. 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