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Functional electrical stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FES<\/jats:styled-content>) enables restoration and control of a wide variety of motor functions impaired by lower motor neuron lesions. Here we evaluate the effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FES<\/jats:styled-content> on the sole arytenoid abductor, the posterior cricoarytenoid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCA<\/jats:styled-content>) muscle in a large animal model of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RLn<\/jats:styled-content> injury. Ten horses were instrumented with two quadripolar intramuscular electrodes in the left <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCA<\/jats:styled-content> muscle. Following a 12\u2010week denervation period, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCA<\/jats:styled-content> was stimulated using a once\u2010daily training session for 8 weeks in seven animals. Three animals were used as unstimulated controls. Denervation produced a significant increase in rheobase (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Electrical stimulation produced a 30% increase in fiber diameter in comparison with the unstimulated control group (33.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6\u2009\u00b5m <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FES<\/jats:styled-content>+, 23.6\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u2009\u00b5m <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FES<\/jats:styled-content>\u2212, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). A trend toward a decrease in the proportion of type 1 (slow) fibers and an increase in type 2a (fast) fibers was also observed. Despite these changes, improvement in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCA<\/jats:styled-content> function at rest was not observed. These data suggest that electrical stimulation using a relatively conservative set of stimulation parameters can reverse the muscle fiber atrophy produced by complete denervation while avoiding a shift to a slow (type 1) fiber type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T08:14:19Z","timestamp":1444983259000},"page":"876-885","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation on Denervated Laryngeal Muscle in a Large Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Jon","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University  Ithaca NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Neuromuscular Disease Laboratory Royal Veterinary 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