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Robot\u2010assisted catheterization systems (RACS) have been introduced in recent years to improve the efficiency of CBIs; however, using them is still associated with some difficulties such as set\u2010up dependency to a specific type of intervention instrument, not being portable, and offering limited options of operation modes. The objective of this research is to develop a new RACS to address these shortcomings. We propose Althea II as an improvement for our previously introduced RACS, Althea I. Althea II is designed for both research purposes and clinical applications including catheter\u2010based cardiovascular interventions. Althea II benefits from a novel structural design leading to a significantly reduced weight and making the device inclusive for a broader range of intervention instruments. Also, a tip detection algorithm is developed and integrated into the graphical user interface (GUI) to enable image\u2010based navigation, and accordingly, fully automatic navigation. Althea II has improved the outcome of catheter\u2010based interventions by increased accuracy and precision of the intervention. The system can navigate the catheter tip to a designated target with an accuracy higher than 90% in both velocity and positioning mode. The device is associated with an upgraded GUI equipped with a strong tip detection algorithm with an accuracy of 0.05 mm. Moreover, Althea II gains from a quicker assembly time (20 minutes, which equals five times faster). The independency from specific catheters, several modes of function, an imaged\u2010based feedback control, portability, and a remote function should allow operation even from beginners and reduce X\u2010ray exposure. The preliminary research studies verified the accuracy and repeatability of Althea II, demonstrated the feasibility and applicability of using the set\u2010up in multiple applications, and highlighted the improved set\u2010up capabilities over the currently available RACS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T10:58:24Z","timestamp":1606301904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Design and experimental evaluation of an automated catheter operating system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3970-7989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somayeh","family":"Norouzi\u2010Ghazbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4096-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mehrkish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Ryerson University Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Abdulhafiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Abbasi\u2010Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farrokh","family":"Janabi\u2010Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2009.00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-12-1-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-016-3086-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2010.01142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2011.01373.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.09.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-2856-5.00060-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Remotely controlled catheter insertion system","author":"Cohen TJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1694093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"CorPath \u00ae GRX System\u2010Instruction for Use","author":"Road WO"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Virtual reality and computer\u2010enhanced training devices equally improve laparoscopic surgical skill in novices","volume":"12","author":"Kanumuri P","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Soc Laparoendosc Surg."},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Model\u2010free position control for cardiac ablation catheter steering using electromagnetic position tracking and tension feedback","volume":"4","author":"Back J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Robot AI."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-009-0296-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2020.104043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-020-01237-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FallahMMH Norouzi\u2010GhazbiS MehrkishA Janabi\u2010SharifiF.Depth\u2010based visual predictive control of tendon\u2010driven continuum robots. 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