{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:18:21Z","timestamp":1793121501838,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite remarkable advances in the treatment of numerous medical conditions, neurological disease and injury remains an outstanding challenge and cause of disability worldwide. The decreased regenerative capacity and extreme complexity and heterogeneity of nervous tissue, in particular the brain, and the fact that the brain remains the least understood organ, have hampered our ability to provide definitive treatments for prevalent conditions such as stroke. Stroke is the second\u2010leading cause of death worldwide, and the nervous system is intimately involved in other prevalent conditions including ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Advances in neuromodulation, electroceuticals, microsurgical techniques, optogenetics, brain\u2013computer interfaces, and autologous constructs offer potential solutions to address the otherwise permanent neurological deficits of stroke and other conditions. Here we review these various approaches to build an \u201cartificial nervous system\u201d that could restore function and independence in people living with these conditions. We focus on stroke both because it is the leading cause of neurological disability worldwide and because we anticipate that advances in the reversal of stroke\u2010related deficits will have ripple effects benefiting people with other neurological conditions including spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, ALS, and muscular dystrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T11:11:12Z","timestamp":1624360272000},"page":"804-812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An artificial nervous system to treat chronic stroke"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9534-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mijail D.","family":"Serruya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Farber Institute of Neuroscience Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Rosenwasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Farber Institute of Neuroscience Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Prevalence of stroke\u2013United States, 2006\u20132010","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087172.16305.CD"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp043511"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215512464795"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313481278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2926.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","article-title":"Auditory prosthesis by means of a distant electrical stimulation of the sensory nerve with the use of an indwelt coiling","volume":"65","author":"Djourno A","year":"1957","journal-title":"Press Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2008.2008250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415581986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0431-18.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00281.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319899911"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000197100.63931.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010477"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"Electrical Stimulation of the Dentate Nucleus Area (EDEN) for improvement of upper extremity hemiparesis due to ischemic stroke: a safety and feasibility study"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000120431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-233254"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1912.0050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01175-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Enhancement of voluntary motor function following spinal cord stimulation \u2010 case study","volume":"49","author":"Barolat G","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0649-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199806010-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00493.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/5\/056024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61816-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17435"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30601-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182302056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112888"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","article-title":"Neuromotor prosthetic to treat stroke\u2010related paresis","author":"Serruya MD","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-019-0019-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2326263X.2017.1338011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201701183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay5347"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay2857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2912298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.02.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416141a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","volume-title":"Rebuilt: how becoming part computer made me more human","author":"Chorost M","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507704102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5602-05.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07382"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-016-0021-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/2\/2\/005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.10.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509321112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04060040114026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2012\/11-0076)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frym.2014.00012"}],"container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aor.13998","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aor.13998","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aor.13998","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T21:02:15Z","timestamp":1692306135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aor.13998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aor.13998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aor.13998","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-564X","1525-1594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-564X","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}