{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:04:04Z","timestamp":1791965044564,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hemodialysis (HD) patients are at increased risk of respiratory infections, due to increased use of communal travel, waiting areas, close proximity to others when dialysing, and contact with healthcare personnel. We wished to determine the major factors associated with transmission of COVID\u201019 within dialysis centres.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared the differences in the number of COVID\u201019 infections in patients and staff in 5 dialysis centres during the 1st COVID\u201019 pandemic between March and June 2020, and analyzed differences between centres. Isolation policies and infection control practices were identical between centres.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>224 (30.3%) patients tested positive for COVID\u201019, by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ranging from 4.8% (centre 1 size 55 patients) to 41.5% (centre 5\u2013248 patients) <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007. Communal transport had a significant effect; with 160 of 452 (35.4%) patients using communal testing positive compared to 22.2% of those not using communal transport (X214.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Staff sickness varied; 35 of 36 (97.3% centre 5) dialysis staff contracting COVID\u201019, compared to 60% from centre 4 (189 patients 30 staff) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Whereas centre 5 had no natural ventilation, and fan assisted ventilation did not meet standards for air changes and air circulation, centre 4 met ventilation standards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although there are many potential risk factors accounting for the increased risk of COVID\u201019 infection in hemodialysis patients, we found that differences in communal transport for patients and ventilation between centres was a major contributor accounting for the differences in patients testing positive for COVID\u201019 and staff sickness rates. This has important practical applications for designing kidney dialysis centres.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T08:14:28Z","timestamp":1657872868000},"page":"2453-2459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spread of Covid\u201019 in hemodialysis centres; the effects of ventilation and communal transport"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Cate","family":"Goodlad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Department of Renal Medicine, and Microbacteriology, Department Royal Free Hospital University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Department of Renal Medicine, and Microbacteriology, Department Royal Free Hospital University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4467-6833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Davenport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Department of Renal Medicine, and Microbacteriology, Department Royal Free Hospital University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Coronavirus and shielding of clinically extremely vulnerable people in England: 28 May to 3 June 2020. Available from:https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/conditionsanddiseases\/bulletins\/coronavirusandshieldingofclinicallyextremelyvulnerablepeopleinengland\/28mayto3june2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03180321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"UK Renal Registry: COVID\u201019 surveillance report for renal centres in the UK: all regions and centres","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"NHS Estates Facilities for Renal Services Health Building Note 53: Volume 1 Satellite dialysis unit."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"NHS Estates Facilities for Renal Services Health Building Note 53: Volume 2 Main renal unit."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 2025: \u2018Ventilation in healthcare premises","year":"1994"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"2021\u2010vol3","article-title":"Frailty score before admission as risk factor for mortality of renal patients during the first wave of the COVID pandemic in London","volume":"38","author":"Neradova A","year":"2021","journal-title":"G Ital Nefrol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102021\u2010068302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044640"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01653-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Natural ventilation in non\u2010domestic buildings","author":"CIBSE","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"ASHRAE.Interpretation IC 62.2\u20102016\u20101 of ANSI\/ASHRAE standard 62.2\u20102016. Ventilation and acceptable indoor air quality in residential buildings. 2016\u20132018.American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"UK Government SAGE Environment and Modelling Group.Simple summary of ventilation actions to mitigate the risk of COVID\u201019\u2014GOV.UK. S0973_Ventilation_Actions_Summary_16122020_V2.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Environment and Modelling Group (EMG): role of ventilation in controlling SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 transmission 30 September 2020. Available from:https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/emg\u2010role\u2010of\u2010ventilation\u2010in\u2010controlling\u2010sarscov\u20102\u2010transmission\u201030\u2010september\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"World Health OrganisationRoadmap to improve and ensure good indoor ventilation in the context of COVID\u201019. 1 March 2021 COVID\u201019: infection prevention and control\/WASH. World Health Organisation. ISBN 978\u201392\u20134\u2013002128\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"British Renal Society.COVID\u201019: PPE and use of masks by dialysis patients. Available from:https:\/\/britishrenal.org\/ppe\u2010and\u2010use\u2010of\u2010masks\u2010by\u2010dialysis\u2010patients\/. Accessed 25 Jul 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020060827"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","unstructured":"GOV.UK Coronavirus (COVID\u201019) in the UK. Available from:https:\/\/coronavirus.data.gov.uk\/details\/interactive\u2010map\/cases"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01854-7"}],"container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aor.14361","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aor.14361","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aor.14361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T15:00:48Z","timestamp":1692630048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aor.14361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aor.14361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aor.14361","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-564X","1525-1594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-564X","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}