{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:42:18Z","timestamp":1792122138444,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004160","name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healing the full\u2010thickness skin wounds has remained a challenge. One of the most frequently used grafts for skin regeneration is xenogeneic acellular dermal matrices (ADMs), including bovine ADMs. This study investigated the effect of the source animal age, enzymatic versus non\u2010enzymatic decellularization protocols, and gamma irradiation versus ethylene oxide (EO) sterilization on the scaffold.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>ADMs were prepared using the dermises of fetal bovine or calf skins. All groups were decellularized through chemical and mechanical methods, unless T\u2010FADM samples, in which an enzymatic step was added to the decellularization protocol. All groups were sterilized with ethylene oxide (EO), except G\u2010FADM which was sterilized using gamma irradiation. The scaffolds were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile test, MTT assay, DNA quantification, and real\u2010time PCR. The performance of the ADMs in wound treatment was also evaluated macroscopically and histologically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All ADMs were effectively decellularized. In comparison to FADM (EO\u2010sterilized fetal ADM), morphological, and mechanical properties of G\u2010FADM, T\u2010FADM, and CADM (EOsterilized calf ADM) were changed to different extents. In addition, the CADM and G\u2010FADM were thermally more stable than the FADM and T\u2010FADM. Although all ADMs were noncytotoxic, the wounds of the FADM, T\u2010FADM, and G\u2010FADM groups were contracted to almost 30.0% of the original area on day 7, significantly faster than the CADM (17.5%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7) and control (12.2%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.59) groups. However, by day 21, all ADMs were mostly closed except for the untreated group (60.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Altogether, fetal source and EO\u2010sterilized samples performed better than calf source and gamma\u2010sterilized samples unless in some mechanical properties. There was no added value in using enzymatic treatment during the decellularization process. Our results suggest that the age, decellularization, and sterilization methods of animal source should be selected based on the clinical requirements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T16:39:59Z","timestamp":1664210399000},"page":"302-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The effect of source animal age, decellularization protocol, and sterilization method on bovine acellular dermal matrix as a scaffold for wound healing and skin regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0880-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyhaneh Nassiri","family":"Mansour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  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Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Talebpour Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolreza","family":"Jafarirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Zare Psychiatry and Burn Hospital Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Mellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"},{"name":"Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical 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