{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:44:24Z","timestamp":1787013864430,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is a promising avenue in spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation; however, high currents are required to excite afferents in the spinal cord roots, which patients may not tolerate. Modulating tSCS pulses with a kHz carrier frequency (kHz\u2010tSCS) may be used to reduce discomfort; however, the way that kHz\u2010tSCS interacts with neural networks, compared to unmodulated pulses (conv\u2010tSCS), is largely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten able\u2010bodied participants received conv\u2010tSCS, kHz\u2010tSCS, and sham interventions for 20\u2009min over the C7\/T1 vertebrae. Charge delivery of both waveforms was measured. Posterior root reflexes (PRRs) and motor\u2010evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR), Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL), Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU), and Brachioradialis (BR). PRR and MEP peak\u2010peak amplitudes were measured at baseline, 0\u2010, 15\u2010, and 30\u2010min post\u2010intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The charge required to activate posterior roots with kHz\u2010tSCS was 3.8 times higher than with conv\u2010tSCS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Differences in PRR amplitude were found in the FCR between conv\u2010tSCS and kHz\u2010tSCS at 0\u2010 and 15\u2010min post\u2010intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.028). PRR inhibition was found in the FCR between baseline and 30\u2010min post\u2010intervention with conv\u2010tSCS and the sham intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.037). No change in PRR amplitudes was found for kHz\u2010tSCS. No other muscle showed any differences in PRR responses between intervention groups. Neither intervention caused any effect in MEP responses across time or between intervention groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>kHz\u2010tSCS was a less efficient waveform for stimulation. Differences in effects on spinal excitability were found to be inconclusive, and conv\u2010tSCS and kHz\u2010tSCS had no effect on corticospinal excitability. Significant PRR inhibition in the FCR was found with this experimental setup even when no stimulation was applied, suggesting a natural reduction in spinal excitability caused by participants laying supine for an extended period. Future research should consider how participant positioning could affect neural excitability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.15031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T03:26:25Z","timestamp":1748921185000},"page":"1799-1808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Neurophysiological Effects of Cervical Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation With and Without a High Frequency Carrier in Able\u2010Bodied Adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1694-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances","family":"Gawne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London  London 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