{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:53:06Z","timestamp":1792687986536,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004913","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the preferred treatment for aortic stenosis in the elderly. However, the durability of transcatheter heart valves (THV) and the risk of leaflet thrombosis preclude the extension of TAVI in young people. This study sought to formulate a proof\u2010of\u2010concept solution for non\u2010invasive, continuous monitoring of THV function using photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors and machine learning models. An in\u00a0vitro mock circulatory loop was developed using a compliant aortic phantom and an implanted self\u2010expanding Evolut FX device. Two PPG sensors were attached to the phantom surface to record flow signals during various hemodynamic scenarios generated by Latin Hypercube Sampling. Endoscopic imaging measurements of the geometric orifice area (GOA) were used to assess valve performance. PPG\u2010derived metrics and flow variables were used to train regression and classification models that predicted healthy versus decreased leaflet motion. The regression model showed an\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    of 0.83, RMSE of 7.18\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and MAE of 5.58\u2009mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The classifier correctly identified reduced leaflet motion (95% accuracy, 0.89 precision, and 0.91 recall). This study demonstrates the efficacy of PPG sensors and machine learning for non\u2010invasive THV monitoring. The approach offers a promising tool for early detection of leaflet dysfunction, thereby improving the management of TAVI patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1764301479000},"page":"543-549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non\u2010Invasive Monitoring of Transcatheter Heart Valve Using Photoplethysmography and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Puleo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5303-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Livolsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Nioi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Cuscino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Scardulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Pasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Palermo  Palermo Italy"},{"name":"Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"D'Acquisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.01.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2014.12.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30757-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c05851"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-021-00553-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113905"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1526602815611888"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","article-title":"An In\u2010Vitro Phantom Study on the Role of Bird\u2010Beak Configuration on Endograft Infolding in the Aortic Arch","volume":"23","author":"Pasta S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Endovascular Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV8I7A121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25113301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24155040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20410"}],"container-title":["Artificial 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