{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:03:37Z","timestamp":1780553017931,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for end\u2010stage liver failure, yet its impact is constrained by organ shortages and graft non\u2010utilization. Machine perfusion (MP) enables ex\u00a0vivo liver assessment; however, current viability criteria rely on intermittent sampling, limiting temporal resolution and accuracy. Indocyanine green (ICG), a clinically validated dye cleared exclusively by hepatocytes, provides a continuous index of hepatic function beyond initial injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We present a non\u2010invasive, clamp\u2010on optical sensor that demonstrates the first continuous, real\u2010time quantification of ICG clearance during MP. The sensor consists of a clamp\u2010on module with an 808\u2009nm laser and phototransistor connected to a microcontroller and computer for real\u2010time plotting. The raw phototransistor signal was linearised to a unitless absorbance signal proportional to perfusate ICG; bi\u2010exponential fitting yielded plasma disappearance rate (PDR\n                      <jats:sub>bi<\/jats:sub>\n                      , %\/min) and the 15\u2010min residual fraction (R\n                      <jats:sub>15<\/jats:sub>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across 10 whole and 3 split human livers (45 boluses; 13 paired with spectrophotometry), the sensor closely matched spectrophotometric measurements (pooled R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.994; range 0.983\u20130.999). The sensor resolved expected physiological trends: ICG clearance rate increased from subnormothermic to normothermic temperatures (\u0394PDR\n                      <jats:sub>bi<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009+\u200914.41%\u2009\u00b1\u20099.53%\/min, \u0394R\n                      <jats:sub>15<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u201322.35\u2009\u00b1\u20099.97 percentage points;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094). The continuous sensor signal also revealed early mixing dynamics and medication\u2010related effects missed by intermittent sampling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This optical sensor enables accurate, real\u2010time monitoring of ICG clearance during ex\u00a0vivo perfusion. The ex\u00a0vivo setting is uniquely positioned to validate ICG clearance models, enhance clinical interpretation, and support informed graft assessment during perfusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.70114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T04:50:37Z","timestamp":1773463837000},"page":"839-850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Validation of a Continuous Real\u2010Time Optical Sensor for Indocyanine Green Clearance Measurement During Ex\u00a0Vivo Perfusion of Human Livers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3958-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmund N. J.","family":"Derwent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7072-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles W. G.","family":"Risbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit (ANLTU)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit (ANLTU)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Yousif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit (ANLTU)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidula","family":"Fonseka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Seow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey W.","family":"McCaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Transplant Institute (RPATI)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Australian National Liver Transplantation 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Health The University of Sydney  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit (ANLTU)  Camperdown New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Babekuhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Organ Assessment, Repair, &amp; Optimisation (COARO)  Camperdown New South Wales 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