{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:05:46Z","timestamp":1784883946586,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To elucidate the mechanism of condensation\u2010related oxygenator dysfunction (CROD) and explore preventive strategies, we directly visualized the interior of a membrane oxygenator using bronchoscopy and ultrasonography and evaluated the effect of external warming.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CROD model consisted of a circuit incorporating a membrane oxygenator perfused with water at 3\u2009L\/min and supplied with gas (50% O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      in air) at 2\u2009L\/min. The hollow fiber bundle was observed bronchoscopically at the outlet surface and ultrasonographically from the lateral aspect. The percentage droplet area was quantified. In a heating model, the oxygenator was externally warmed with circulating 39\u00b0C water. Changes in droplet area, gas\u2010supply pressure, and outlet\u2010surface temperature were analyzed. A single experiment was conducted for each model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the CROD model, condensation appeared at approximately 2\u2009h, predominantly in the cooler outer zone. The droplet area increased over time and showed a strong positive association with gas\u2010supply pressure (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.9041). Gas flushing partially reduced both parameters but did not restore baseline values. Ultrasonographic findings remained similar to those of a dry oxygenator. In the heating model, the outer zone was approximately 1\u00b0C warmer than the inner zone, and no visible condensation developed over 24\u2009h, with stable gas pressure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two\u2010directional visualization demonstrated that outlet\u2010surface condensation, mainly in the outer zone, was associated with elevated gas\u2010supply pressure in this mechanistic model of CROD. Uniform external heating suppressed condensation, suggesting that temperature control and early detection may represent practical strategies to mitigate CROD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.70143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T11:07:09Z","timestamp":1776683229000},"page":"1016-1026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Condensation in a Membrane Oxygenator Analyzed by Bronchoscopy and Ultrasonography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Shin\u2010ichiro","family":"Nagao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Engineering Chikamori Hospital  Kochi\u2010City Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Orihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaison Healthcare Engineering Section Kochi Medical School  Nankoku\u2010City Kochi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01960-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000002128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"E380","article-title":"A Computational Model of Heat Loss and Water Condensation on the Gas\u2010Side of Blood Oxygenators","volume":"42","author":"Gomez Bard R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artificial Organs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(98)00121-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11070529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05102-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Design and Implementation of a Reconfigurable Automatic Rain Sensitive Windshield Wiper","volume":"8","author":"Alazzawi L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic Rain\u2010Sensing Wiper System for 4\u2010Wheeler Vehicles","volume":"3","author":"Naresh P.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adv Eng Technol"}],"container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aor.70143","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aor.70143","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aor.70143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:43:40Z","timestamp":1784882620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aor.70143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aor.70143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aor.70143","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-564X","1525-1594"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-564X","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-1594","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}