{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:54:07Z","timestamp":1791172447713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Organs"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n This study presents a surrogate\u2010assisted workflow for multi\u2010objective optimization of an axial\u2010flow ventricular assist device (VAD) rotor using 4809 steady\u2010state CFD simulations spanning six geometric variables.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Repeated learning\u2010curve analysis and blade\u2010count\u2010stratified Gaussian\u2010process regression (GPR) assessed data efficiency and complemented tree\u2010based surrogate models. Final selection retained GPR for pressure rise, torque, hemolysis index, platelet activation, and exposure time, and HistGradientBoosting for hydraulic efficiency and the low\u2010shear fraction S\u2009<\u200950\u2009Pa, with held\u2010out\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n values of 0.968\u20131.000. Because hydraulic efficiency is derived from pressure rise and torque at the fixed operating condition, the primary MOPSO formulation used six objectives: maximizing pressure rise and S\u2009<\u200950\u2009Pa while minimizing torque, hemolysis index, platelet activation, and exposure time; efficiency was retained as a secondary engineering metric. Ten independent MOPSO runs were pooled to characterize Pareto trade\u2010offs, and five representative Pareto designs were re\u2010evaluated by direct CFD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The balanced compromise used a 53.58\u00b0 inlet blade angle, 20.93\u00b0 outlet blade angle, three blades, a 0.222\u2009mm clearance gap, 0.796\u2009mm blade thickness, and a 20.00\u2009mm rotor length. For the balanced compromise, mean surrogate\u2010to\u2010CFD relative error was 4.0%, with all individual errors below 10%. Relative to baseline, direct CFD confirmed reductions of 17.2% in torque, 55.6% in hemolysis index, 46.9% in platelet activation, and 27.0% in exposure time, together with a 4.5% increase in S\u2009<\u200950\u2009Pa; pressure rise decreased by 22.4% and hydraulic efficiency changed by +0.7%.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The workflow supports design\u2010space screening, trade\u2010off identification, and targeted CFD confirmation of candidate geometries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.70266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:25:15Z","timestamp":1791170715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surrogate\u2010Assisted Multi\u2010Objective Optimization of an Axial\u2010Flow Ventricular Assist Device Rotor Using\n CFD<\/scp>\n , Hybrid Surrogates, Sobol Analysis, and\n MOPSO<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bounouib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Mechanics and Technologies, ENSAM Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reda","family":"Lakraimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Sciences and Applications (LSIA), National School of Applied Sciences (ENSAH) Abdelmalek Essaadi University Al\u2010Hoceima Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5402-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Isksioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling and Optimization of Industrial Systems (MOIS), ENSAM Meknes Moulay Ismail University Meknes Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Taha\u2010Janan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Mechanics and Technologies, ENSAM Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wajih","family":"Maazouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Mechanics and Technologies, ENSAM Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e31826233a9","article-title":"Ventricular Assist Device Therapy for Heart Failure\u2014Past, Present, and Future","volume":"50","author":"Bellumkonda L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Anesthesiology Clinics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2013.02.002","article-title":"Current Status of Left Ventricular Assist Device Technology","volume":"25","author":"Molina E. J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610426","article-title":"A Fully Magnetically Levitated Circulatory Pump for Advanced Heart Failure","volume":"376","author":"Mehra M. R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.10.014","article-title":"The Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Development of Ventricular Assist Devices","volume":"33","author":"Fraser K. H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0995-2","article-title":"Characterization of Erythrocyte Membrane Tension for Hemolysis Prediction in Complex Flows","volume":"17","author":"Faghih M. M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2022.100177","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Development of Rotary Blood Pumps","volume":"16","author":"Wu P.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medical New Technologies and Devices"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1951-0","article-title":"Blood Pump Design Variations and Their Influence on Hydraulic Performance and Indicators of Hemocompatibility","volume":"46","author":"Wiegmann L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4005765","article-title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics\u2010Based Design Optimization for an Implantable Miniature Maglev Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device","volume":"134","author":"Wu J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fluids Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4007092","article-title":"A Quantitative Comparison of Mechanical Blood Damage Parameters in Rotary Ventricular Assist Devices: Shear Stress, Exposure Time and Hemolysis Index","volume":"134","author":"Fraser K. H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-018-01108-y","article-title":"On the Representation of Effective Stress for Computing Hemolysis","volume":"18","author":"Wu P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-019-01232-3","article-title":"An Energy\u2010Dissipation\u2010Based Power\u2010Law Formulation for Estimating Hemolysis","volume":"19","author":"Wu P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33708-9","article-title":"Machine Learning Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Enables Geometric Design Optimisation of the NeoVAD Blades","volume":"13","author":"Nissim L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.699891","article-title":"On the Optimization of a Centrifugal Maglev Blood Pump Through Design Variations","volume":"12","author":"Wu P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-025-03834-8","article-title":"Optimized FDA Blood Pump: A Case Study in System\u2010Level Customized Ventricular Assist Device Designs","volume":"53","author":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.70004","article-title":"Multi\u2010Objective CFD Optimization of an Intermediate Diffuser Stage for PediaFlow Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device","volume":"50","author":"Zhussupbekov M.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Artificial Organs"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1595588","article-title":"Optimization of Secondary Flow Path Clearance in Centrifugal Blood Pump: A Combined Numerical and Experimental Study","volume":"16","author":"Zhu C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"499","article-title":"Investigation of Shear\u2010Induced Platelet Activation in Ventricular Assist Device","volume":"237","author":"Bounouib M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13635","article-title":"Numerical Study of a New Ventricular Assist Device","volume":"44","author":"Bounouib M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artificial Organs"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/03913988251346712","article-title":"Optimization of Hemocompatibility Metrics in Ventricular Assist Device Design Using Machine Learning and CFD\u2010Based Response Surface Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Bounouib M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Organs"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2004.07384.x","article-title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a Maglev Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device","volume":"28","author":"Burgreen G. 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