{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T08:22:03Z","timestamp":1758961323601},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,15]],"date-time":"2013-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presbyopia, understood as the age\u2010related loss of ability to clearly see near objects, was known to ancient Greeks. However, few references to it can be found in ancient manuscripts. A relevant discussion on presbyopia appears in a book called <jats:italic>Symposiacs<\/jats:italic> written by Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus around 100 A.C. In this work, Plutarch provided four explanations of presbyopia, associated with different theories of vision. One of the explanations is particularly interesting as it is based on a binocular theory of vision. In this theory, vision is produced when visual rays, emanating from the eyes, form visual cones that impinge on the objects to be seen. Visual rays coming from old people\u2019s eyes, it was supposed, are weaker than those from younger people\u2019s eyes; so the theory, to be logically coherent, implies that this effect is compensated by the increase in light intensity due to the overlapping, at a certain distance, of the visual cones coming from both eyes. Thus, it benefits the reader to move the reading text further away from the eyes in order to increase the fusion area of both visual cones. The historical hypothesis taking into consideration that the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea was the source of Plutarch\u2019s explanation of the theory is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,15]],"date-time":"2013-06-15T11:34:49Z","timestamp":1371296089000},"page":"394-399","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An ancient explanation of presbyopia based on binocular vision"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Barbero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Supplement to \u201cOn the soul\u201d","author":"Alexander of Aphrodisias","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"The complete works of Aristotle","author":"Aristotle","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Greek theories of elementary cognition from Alcmaeon to Aristotle","author":"Beare JI","year":"1906"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.35.000357"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/363394"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367227"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DurlingRJ(1995):Medicine in Plutarch \u2018Moralia\u2019 + Examining the status and significance of pre\u2010Galenic medical arts and vocabulary. 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