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Endoscopy provides 360\u00b0 panoramic viewing of the vitreous cavity and high\u2010magnification viewing of the anterior vitreous base (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVB<\/jats:styled-content>). This study describes the \u2018<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\u2019 anatomy and pathoanatomy of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVB<\/jats:styled-content> using an ocular endoscope in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RD<\/jats:styled-content> and anterior <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An intraoperative analysis of over 2000 consecutive eyes undergoing vitrectomy for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RD<\/jats:styled-content> operated with endoscopy\u2010assisted vitrectomy was performed. It was recorded in notes dictated during surgery and in standardized operative reports. Around 1500 surgical videotapes, with the exclusion of diabetic retinopathy and trauma, selected by reviewing the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> reports and notes were retrospectively reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven endoscopic criteria associated with anterior <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVR<\/jats:styled-content> complicating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RD<\/jats:styled-content> are described: \u2018en bloc\u2019 stiff anterior vitreous retraction, ciliary detachment, seeding of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVB<\/jats:styled-content> by abundant pigmented and\/or white granulations, anterior tissue displacement, stiff \u2018wrinkling\u2019 at the vitreoretinal juncture, persistent shallow ciliary\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RD<\/jats:styled-content> under perfluorocarbon liquids and traction\u2010related retinal surface haemorrhages. Causes responsible for failure of conventional vitrectomy for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RD<\/jats:styled-content> are highlighted. Findings in case of hypotony and cyclitic membranes are described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endoscopy is a significant adjunct to our understanding of the development of anterior loop traction by obviating the two constitutive parts of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AVB<\/jats:styled-content>, anterior and posterior, their interconnections and their respective connections to the anterior segment and to the retina. It provides a unique evaluation and thorough eradication of the anterior vitreous cortex as a scaffold for anterior <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVR<\/jats:styled-content>. It might be an adjunct to the prevention of anterior <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]],"date-time":"2014-01-16T05:46:51Z","timestamp":1389851211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["An endoscopic overview of the anterior vitreous base in retinal detachment and anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Claude","family":"Boscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American Hospital of Paris Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milos Klinica Belgrade Serbia"},{"name":"Zagorskiego Eye Hospital Naleczow Poland"},{"name":"Helen Keller Foundation for Research and Education Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00553-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1035174"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000310223"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00170557"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000309357"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00184091"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Vitreoretinal surgery of the injured eye","author":"Boscher C","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"414","volume-title":"Ocular trauma: the essentials","author":"Boscher C","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","unstructured":"BoscherC(2001b):Endoscopy for Anterior Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy AAO Subspecialty Day Retina A Retina Odyssey 151\u2013157."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Ocular traumatology","author":"Boscher C","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","unstructured":"BoscherC CathelineauB CathelineauG&LebuissonDA(1999):Endoscopy\u2010assisted vitrectomy in Diabetic Retinopathy for prevention of Fibrovascular Anterior Proliferation. poster 139 AAO New Orleans abstract165."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Vitreous body\u2010derived mitogenic activity for retinal pigment epithelial cells: a further characterization","volume":"2","author":"Bresgen M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ger J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450110123015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040031488029"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Vitreous microsurgery, 2. 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