{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:56:59Z","timestamp":1790290619744,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,24]],"date-time":"2013-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Icelandic Research Council"},{"name":"Kempe Fund"},{"name":"Oculis ehf."},{"name":"Research to prevent blindness in Iceland"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007687","name":"Swedish Medical Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Technology Development Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have developed nanoparticle <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010cyclodextrin dexamethasone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ex<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content>) and dorzolamide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>orz<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content>) eye drops that provide sustained high drug concentrations on the eye surface. To test these characteristics, we measured dexamethasone and dorzolamide levels in tear fluid in humans following eye drop administration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Concentration of dexamethasone was measured by mass spectrometry. One drop of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ex<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> was instilled into one eye. Tear fluid was sampled with microcapillary pipettes at seven time\u2010points after drop instillation. Control eyes received <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>axidex<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (dexamethasone). The same procedure was performed for dorzolamide with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>orz<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>rusopt<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six subjects were included in each group. The peak concentration (<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/ml\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation) of dexamethasone for Dex<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> eye drops (636.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0399.1) was up to 19\u2010fold higher than with Maxidex<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (39.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018.9) (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). At 4\u00a0hr, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ex<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> was still 10 times higher than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>axidex<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>. In addition, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ex<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> resulted in about 30\u2010fold higher concentration of dissolved dexamethasone in the tear fluid of extended time period allowing more drug to partition into the eye tissue. The overall concentration of dorzolamide was about 50% higher for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>orz<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content> (59.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a076.9) than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>rusopt<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (40.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a076.7) (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate high and extended concentration of dissolved dexamethasone with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ex<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NP<\/jats:styled-content>, which can explain the greater and longer lasting effect of dexamethasone in the cyclodextrin nanoparticle drug delivery platform. Dexamethasone seems to fit the cyclodextrin nanoparticle suspension drug delivery platform with longer duration and higher concentrations in tear fluid than available commercial drops, while dorzolamide is less suitable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,24]],"date-time":"2013-12-24T12:42:43Z","timestamp":1387888963000},"page":"550-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Kinetics of <i>\u03b3<\/i>\u2010cyclodextrin nanoparticle suspension eye drops in tear fluid"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Gauti","family":"J\u00f3hannesson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine National University Hospital University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D.","family":"Moya\u2010Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland"},{"name":"Oculis ehf. Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudr\u00fan Marta","family":"\u00c1sgr\u00edmsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oculis ehf. Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigr\u00fan H.","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margr\u00e9t","family":"Thorsteinsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsteinn","family":"Loftsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einar","family":"Stef\u00e1nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine National University Hospital University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Maxidex 0.1% (dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension)","author":"Alcon Laboratories I","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318206d18c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"2581","article-title":"pH and drug ionization affects ocular pressure lowering of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors","volume":"34","author":"Brechue WF","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(05)80041-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"GudmundsdottirBS PetursdottirD AsgrimsdottirGMet\u00a0al. 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