{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:17:17Z","timestamp":1790716637819,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine different ophthalmological parameters in 10\u2010year\u2010old, healthy, full\u2010term children in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tockholm <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ounty, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>weden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and seventeen children were included in the study. Best\u2010corrected distance and near visual acuities (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content>) were measured using logMAR charts. Cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed, and spherical equivalent and astigmatism were determined. Examination of ocular movement and cover test for distance and near were performed. Stereopsis was assessed with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNO<\/jats:styled-content> test, and contrast sensitivity with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>istech test. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>oyal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ir <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>orce rule was used for assessing accommodation, and near point of convergence was measured with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ang fixation stick. Ophthalmoscopy was performed through dilated pupils.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010two per cent of the children had a distance <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content> of \u22120.1 log<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content> (1.3 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>nellen acuity) or better. None of the children were visually impaired [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content> &gt;0.6 log<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content> (&lt;0.3 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>nellen acuity)]. Ninety\u2010three per cent had a near <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VA<\/jats:styled-content> of \u22120.1 log<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAR<\/jats:styled-content> (1.25 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>nellen acuity) or better. Mean spherical equivalent was 0.6\u00a0D. Eight (3.6%) children had hypermetropia (\u2265+2\u00a0D), and 17 (7.8%) were myopic (\u2264\u22120.5\u00a0D). Nine (4.1%) children had an astigmatism \u22651\u00a0D, and two (0.9%) had anisometropia of \u22651\u00a0D. Manifest strabismus was found in seven (3.2%) children, five of whom had exotropia. Heterophoria for distance and\/or near was found in 80.2% of the children. In children without manifest strabismus, stereopsis &gt;60\u00a0seconds of arc was found in five (2.4%). Three (1.4%) of 215 children had contrast sensitivity below normal limits. Binocular median near point of accommodation was 14\u00a0D, and median near point of convergence 6\u00a0cm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knowledge of various visual functions in normally developing children is crucial to be able to draw conclusions from ophthalmological examinations in children with eye diseases. This population\u2010based study describes different ophthalmological parameters in full\u2010term ten\u2010year\u2010old children. The material can be used as a control when examining children of similar ages with various ophthalmological conditions, such as groups of children with specific neurological or retinal diseases, and syndromes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T18:38:38Z","timestamp":1405449518000},"page":"192-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Ophthalmological findings in 10\u2010year\u2010old full\u2010term children \u2013 a population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\/Ophthalmology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Holmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\/Ophthalmology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agneta","family":"Rydberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology and Vision Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00615.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970590922664"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1988.tb04371.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2000.00498.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2012.680233"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Normal contrast sensitivity in 200 children aged seven to 13\u00a0years","volume":"25","author":"Fitzgerald A","year":"1989","journal-title":"Australian Orthoptic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Prematurity and the eye. 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