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Although the search for genes associated with spherical refractive errors (especially myopia) has met with limited success, current efforts to identify genetic variants implicated in astigmatism development have been less rewarding. We aimed to assess the association between astigmatism and age to identify appropriate age cut\u2010offs for maximizing power in genetic studies of astigmatism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a cross\u2010sectional analysis of right eye astigmatism data from four Australian\u2010based eye studies comprising 3841 participants aged 5\u201390\u00a0years. Measurements were performed under cycloplegia using an autorefractor, and individuals with a history of cataract, refractive surgery or corneal pathology were excluded from the analysis. In addition to the magnitude and type (against\u2010the\u2010rule, with\u2010the\u2010rule, and oblique) of astigmatism, we calculated the vector components (J\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      , J\n                      <jats:sub>45<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and evaluated the association of these outcome measures with age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The magnitude of refractive astigmatism (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) remained relatively stable [mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\u22120.44\u00a0D\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.50)] until individuals reached the age of 50, thereafter increasing in average magnitude by approximately 1.00\u00a0D for those subjects aged 90. In contrast, corneal astigmatism (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) remained relatively stable from childhood until the age of 80 (\u22120.76\u00a0D\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.61). The prevalence of clinically significant\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\u22651.00\u00a0D) increased with age and was highest in those aged &gt;70\u00a0years [55.1% (47.2\u201362.7%)]. Age was significantly associated with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in adults [odds ratio (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      )\u00a0=\u00a01.04 per 1\u00a0year, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001]. A weaker relationship was observed between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and age (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.007 per 1\u00a0year, p\u00a0=\u00a00.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have confirmed the previously documented association between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and age. Our results indicate that most of the observed change occurs after the age of 50, providing a recommended cut\u2010off for participants in genetic studies of this refractive condition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,13]],"date-time":"2015-01-13T20:22:36Z","timestamp":1421180556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Distribution of astigmatism as a function of age in an Australian population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science Lions Eye Institute University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyhan","family":"Yazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science Lions Eye Institute University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin C.","family":"Sherwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex W.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science Lions Eye Institute University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Menzies Research Institute Tasmania University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science Lions Eye Institute University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Menzies Research Institute Tasmania University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-004-0152-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90251-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198103000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0169"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"644","article-title":"Collagen fibrils in the human corneal stroma: structure and aging","volume":"39","author":"Daxer A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"254","volume-title":"System of ophthalmology. 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