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Angle closure is characterized by appositional approximation or contact between the iris and trabecular meshwork. It tends to develop in eyes with shallow anterior chambers, anteriorly positioned or pushed lenses, and angle crowding. Risk of primary angle\u2010closure glaucoma is high among women, the elderly and the hyperopic, and it is most prevalent in Asia. Investigation into genetic mechanisms of glaucoma inheritance is underway. Diagnosis relies on gonioscopy and may be aided by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Treatment is designed to control intraocular pressure while monitoring changes to the angle and optic nerve head. Treatment typically begins with medical management through pressure\u2010reducing topical medications. Peripheral iridotomy is often performed to alleviate pupillary block, while laser iridoplasty has been found effective for mechanisms of closure other than pupillary block, such as plateau iris syndrome. Phacoemulsification, with or without goniosynechialysis, both in eyes with existing cataracts and in those with clear lenses, is thus far a viable treatment alternative. Long\u2010term research currently underway will examine its efficacy in cases of angle closure in early stages of the disease. Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation is another treatment option, which can be combined with cataract surgery. Trabeculectomy remains effective therapy for more advanced cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,27]],"date-time":"2015-06-27T13:07:16Z","timestamp":1435410436000},"page":"217-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":191,"title":["Primary angle\u2010closure glaucoma: an update"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Carrie","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wills Eye Hospital Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wills Eye Hospital Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Waisbourd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wills Eye Hospital Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie J.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wills Eye Hospital Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Preferred Practice Pattern\u00ae Guidelines. 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