{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:26:13Z","timestamp":1792787173055,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormalities of lacrimal punctum size and morphology probably contribute to excess tearing, with significant effects on quality\u2010of\u2010life for affected individuals. Our current understanding of normal punctal morphology originates from <jats:italic>ex\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> studies, which are unlikely to capture the true nature of the living punctum. This study used enhanced depth anterior segment optical coherence tomography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCT<\/jats:styled-content>) to give improved characterization and understanding of lacrimal punctal structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Qualitative and quantitative assessments were performed on spectral domain <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCT<\/jats:styled-content> images collected prospectively from 40 lower puncta of 20 healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average external lower lid punctal diameter was 0.646\u00a0mm (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> 150\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m) on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCT<\/jats:styled-content> imaging, measured at the largest diameter, which was in parallel to the mucocutaneous junction. Fifty\u2010five per cent of puncta appeared closed, whilst the eyelids were open. Fluid menisci were visible within 73% of puncta. A postpunctal \u2018ampulla\u2019 was visible within three systems, one of which was imaged through the conjunctival surface. Ampullary dilatation occurred laterally, rather than at the medial wall.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optical coherence tomography provides quick and non\u2010invasive assessment of the lacrimal punctum and its neighbouring tissue layers. This assessment of punctal size and morphology has the potential for further investigation of punctal physiology, for aiding diagnosis, and for monitoring the results of treatment. The average external diameter of the punctal opening measured in this study is greater than that recorded in anatomical textbooks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T17:59:33Z","timestamp":1449683973000},"page":"154-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Characterizing the lacrimal punctal region using anterior segment optical coherence tomography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Timlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lacrimal Clinic Moorfields Eye Hospital London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pearse A.","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London 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