{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:19:31Z","timestamp":1776107971604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Finnish Eye Foundation and Research Foundation of the Central Hospital of Central Finland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the associations of habitual reading posture, gaze angle in reading and reading distance with myopia and changes in myopia among myopic children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 240 myopic schoolchildren (mean age 10.9\u00a0years), with no previous spectacles, were recruited during 1983\u20131984 to a randomized 3\u2010year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia. Three annual examinations with subjective cycloplegic refraction were conducted for 237\u2013238 subjects. A further examination was conducted at the mean age of 23.2\u00a0years for 178 subjects. Habitual reading posture was elicited by questionnaire at study outset. Reading distance was measured with a Clement Clark accommodometer and gaze angle with an angle scale at baseline and all three annual follow\u2010ups. Height was measured by a school nurse. The connections between the variables were studied with the standard statistical methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher myopia was connected with shorter reading distance among girls at follow\u2010ups 2 and 3, but not at the other examinations. The correlation of spherical equivalent with height was non\u2010significant at each follow\u2010up. Myopic progression across the whole follow\u2010up was highest among those who read sitting down at baseline (\u22123.58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.75 D) and lowest among those who read face up lying down (\u22122.35\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.53 D) (p\u00a0=\u00a00.021). Reading with eyes at a more downward angle was slightly connected with greater myopic progression (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.166, p\u00a0=\u00a00.028).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reading in a sitting posture at myopia onset predicted the greatest myopic progression to adulthood and reading face up on one's back the lowest. Reading with eyes on turned more downwards was slightly connected with greater myopic progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]],"date-time":"2016-07-02T04:47:24Z","timestamp":1467434844000},"page":"775-779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Associations of reading posture, gaze angle and reading distance with myopia and myopic progression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Olavi","family":"P\u00e4rssinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Central Hospital of Central Finland Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kauppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Central Hospital of Central Finland Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"On the anomalies of accommodation and refractions of the eye","author":"Donders FC","year":"1864"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(54)91187-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9973"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2004.00831.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1966.tb05502.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198012000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00623.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198708000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10106"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Correlation analysis between visual acuity and sitting postural parameters of young students","volume":"101","author":"Marumoto T","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(77)90243-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1988.tb02663.x","article-title":"The role of environmental factors and hereditary predisposition in the causation of low myopia","volume":"185","author":"Mohan M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"P\u00e4rssinenO(1990):Eye movements as a link between reading and myopic progression. In: Weintraub J (ed.). The Proceedings: Fourth International Conference on myopia. Singapore: Myopia Int Res Found Inc: 342\u201353."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02210.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"2794","article-title":"Myopia and myopic progression among schoolchildren: a three\u2010year follow\u2010up study","volume":"34","author":"P\u00e4rssinen O","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1985.tb01551.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12387"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SankaridurgP HoldenB SmithE3rd et al. (2011):Decrease in rate of myopia progression with a contact lens designed to reduce relative peripheral hyperopia: one\u2010year results. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci52:9362\u20139367.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7260"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","unstructured":"SatoT(1983):Prevention of school myopia. Indian J Ophthalmol31(Suppl 1):813\u2013815."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"A synopsis of the prevalence rates and environmental risk factors for myopia","volume":"86","author":"Saw SM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800002327"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31818a7d61"},{"issue":"185","key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1988.tb02697.x","article-title":"The role of accommodation in myopia","volume":"66","author":"Tokoro T.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120764"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10402"}],"container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Faos.13148","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Faos.13148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aos.13148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T01:43:32Z","timestamp":1718675012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aos.13148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aos.13148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.13148","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-375X","1755-3768"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-375X","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-3768","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}