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The incidence of ring\u2010shaped dysphotopsia after hole <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content> implantation was evaluated. In the experimental simulation study, non\u2010sequential ray tracing was used to construct myopic human eye models with hole <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content> without a central hole (conventional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content>). Simulated retinal images measured in log\u2010scale irradiance were compared between the two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content>s for an extended Lambertian light\u2010emitting disc object 20\u00a0cm in diameter placed 2\u00a0m from the corneal vertex. To investigate the causes of hole\u2010induced dysphotopsia, a series of retinal images were simulated using point sources at infinity with well\u2010defined field angles (0 to \u221220\u00b0) and multiple <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content> models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 29 eyes, 15 experienced ring\u2010shaped dysphotopsia after hole <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content> implantation. The simulation study using an extended Lambertian source showed that hole <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010evoked ring\u2010shaped dysphotopsia was formed at a retinal field angle of \u00b140\u00b0. Component\u2010level analysis using a well\u2010defined off\u2010axis point source from infinity revealed that ring\u2010shaped dysphotopsia was generated by stray light refraction from the inner wall of the hole and the posterior <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content> surface.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hole <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010evoked ring\u2010shaped dysphotopsia was related to light refraction at the central hole structure. Surgeons are advised to explain to patients the possibility of ring\u2010shaped dysphotopsia after hole <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICL<\/jats:styled-content> implantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T11:26:05Z","timestamp":1475061965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Ring\u2010shaped dysphotopsia associated with posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lenses with a central hole"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Youngsub","family":"Eom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Korea University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae Wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongok","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Optics Laboratory Department of Astronomy Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Center for Galaxy Evolution Research Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Yonsei University Observatory Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun\u2010Heon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joeunnun Vision Clinic Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seul Ki","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Optics Laboratory Department of Astronomy Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Center for Galaxy Evolution Research Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Yonsei University Observatory Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Suk","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Korea University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sug\u2010Whan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Optics Laboratory Department of Astronomy Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Center for Galaxy Evolution Research Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"Yonsei University Observatory Yonsei University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyo Myung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Korea University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20081101-22","article-title":"The Advanced Human Eye Model (AHEM): a personal binocular eye modeling system inclusive of refraction, diffraction, and scatter","volume":"24","author":"Donnelly W","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2015.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20130919-03"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0338-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(03)00065-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72611-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066846"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3304-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.10.001600"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5341"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","unstructured":"Medical International(medicalsintl.com). 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