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Placental growth factor (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , previously known as Pl\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), a homologue of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , is a multifunctional peptide associated with angiogenesis\u2010dependent pathologies in the eye and non\u2010ocular conditions. Animal studies using genetic modification and pharmacological treatment have demonstrated a mechanistic role for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in pathological angiogenesis. Inhibition decreases neovascularization and microvascular abnormalities across different models, including oxygen\u2010induced retinopathy, laser\u2010induced choroidal neovascularization and in diabetic mice exhibiting retinopathies. High levels of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    have been found in the vitreous of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Despite these strong animal data, the exact role of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in pathological angiogenesis in retinal vascular diseases remains to be defined, and the benefits of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010specific inhibition in humans with retinal neovascular diseases and macular oedema remain controversial. Comparative effectiveness research studies in patients with diabetic retinal disease have shown that treatment that inhibits both\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    may provide superior outcomes in certain patients compared with treatment that inhibits only\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . This review summarizes current knowledge of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , including its relationship to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and its role in pathological angiogenesis in retinal diseases, and identifies some key unanswered questions about\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    that can serve as a pathway for future basic, translational and clinical research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]],"date-time":"2016-11-22T08:12:44Z","timestamp":1479802364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Placental growth factor and its potential role in diabetic retinopathy and other ocular 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