{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T14:41:18Z","timestamp":1791124878191,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,8]],"date-time":"2017-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study anisometropia of spherical equivalent and astigmatism from the onset of myopia at school age to adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 240 myopic schoolchildren (mean age 10.9\u00a0years), with no previous spectacles, were recruited during 1983\u20131984 to a randomized 3\u2010year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia. Examinations with subjective cyclopedic refraction were repeated 3\u00a0years later (follow\u2010up 1) for 238 subjects and thereafter at the mean ages of 23.2 (follow\u2010up 2) and 33.9\u00a0years (follow\u2010up 3) for 178 and 134 subjects. After exclusions, the 102 subjects who attended all three follow\u2010ups were included in the analyses. Corneal refractive power and astigmatism and anterior chamber depth was measured with Pentacam topography and axial length with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IOL<\/jats:styled-content> master at study end. Prevalence and changes in anisometropia of spherical equivalent (Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>) and astigmatism (Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>) and their relationships with refractive and axial measures were studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean (\u00b1SD) of spherical equivalent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>), Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> and Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content> increased from baseline to follow\u2010up end from \u22121.44\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.57 D to \u22125.11\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.23 D, from 0.28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.30 D to 0.68\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.69 D and from 0.14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.18 D to 0.37\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.36 D, respectively. Prevalence of Anio<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>, \u22651 D, increased from 5% to 22.6% throughout follow\u2010up. Higher Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> in the less myopic eye at baseline and at follow\u2010up 1, and with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> in the more myopic eye in follow\u2010ups 2 and 3 in adulthood. At study end, Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with the interocular difference in axial length (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.612, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) but not with the interocular difference in corneal refraction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.122, p\u00a0=\u00a00.266). In cases of low Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>(\u22641.00 D), the negative correlation between the real interocular differences (value of right eye minus value of left eye) in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.427, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) decreased the influence of the interocular difference in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content> on Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>, causing emmetropization in Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>. The interocular difference in corneal astigmatism was the main factor associated with Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.231, p\u00a0=\u00a00.020). No significant relationship was found between Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content> and level of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anisometropia of the spherical equivalent (Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>) increased along with the myopic progression and at study end was mainly associated with the interocular difference in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>. Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content> was mainly explained by the interocular difference in corneal astigmatism. In cases with low Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> (\u22641.0 D), the interrelationship between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content> decreased Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> causing emmetropization in Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,8]],"date-time":"2017-05-08T12:26:43Z","timestamp":1494246403000},"page":"518-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Anisometropia of spherical equivalent and astigmatism among myopes: a 23\u2010year follow\u2010up study of prevalence and changes from childhood to 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