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Nucleotide\u2010binding domain and Leucine\u2010rich repeat Receptor containing a Pyrin domain 3 (\n NLRP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3) inflammasomes are pro\u2010inflammatory signalling complexes that were found in 2002. In addition to pathogens and other extracellular threats, they can be activated by various endogenous danger signals. The purpose of this study was to find out whether\n NLRP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 activation occurs in patients with sight\u2010threatening forms of diabetic retinopathy (\n DR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Inflammasome components\n NLRP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 and caspase\u20101, inflammasome\u2010related pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201018, vascular endothelial growth factor (\n VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), acute\u2010phase cytokines\n TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106, as well as adaptive immunity\u2010related cytokine interferon gamma (\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n \u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n ) were measured from the vitreous samples of 15 non\u2010proliferative diabetic retinopathy (non\u2010\n PDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and 23 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients using the enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (\n ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) method. The adaptor protein apoptosis\u2010associated speck\u2010like protein containing a CARD (ASC) was determined using the Western blot technique.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Inflammasome components were present in the vitreous of\n DR<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients. Along with\n VEGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n , the levels of caspase\u20101 and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201018 were significantly increased, especially in\n PDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n eyes. Interestingly, clearly higher levels of\n NLRP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 were found in the\n PDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n eyes with tractional retinal detachment (\n TRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) than from\n PDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n eyes with fully attached retina. There were no significant differences in the amounts of\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20101\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106, and\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n \u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n that were detectable in the vitreous of both non\u2010\n PDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n PDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Our results suggest that\n NLRP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3 inflammasome activation can be associated especially with the pathogenesis of\n PDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n . The lack of differences in\n TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u20106, and\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n \u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n also alludes that acute inflammation or T\u2010cell\u2010mediated responses do not dominate in\n PDR<\/jats:styled-content>\n pathogenesis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T04:16:42Z","timestamp":1488946602000},"page":"803-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["NLRP3 inflammasome activation is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2506-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirpa","family":"Loukovaara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery Department of 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