{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:25:04Z","timestamp":1782386704716,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]],"date-time":"2017-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to describe the population of children with congenital or early infancy blindness in Sweden, with regard to causes of blindness and prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical, psychological and pedagogical records of Swedish children with congenital or early infancy blindness (total blindness or light perception at the most) born in 1988\u20132008 were analysed regarding year of birth, gender, cause of blindness, gestational age, associated neurological disorders\/syndromes, associated neurodevelopmental impairments, cognitive level and type of school placement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 150 individuals, 80 girls and 70 boys, were identified, corresponding to a prevalence of 7\/100\u00a0000. Five causes of blindness dominated, constituting 76% of all represented aetiologies: retinopathy of prematurity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROP<\/jats:styled-content>), optic nerve hypoplasia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ONH<\/jats:styled-content>), Leber congenital amaurosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LCA<\/jats:styled-content>), optic nerve atrophy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ONA<\/jats:styled-content>) and microphthalmia\/anophthalmia. Nearly three of four children in the study population had at least one additional disability besides blindness; the most common being intellectual disability (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>) and autism spectrum disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>). More than half of the population had more than one additional disability. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was most common in children with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ONH<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROP<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LCA<\/jats:styled-content>and microphthalmia\/anophthalmia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In children born within the last decades, isolated blindness is uncommon and the rate of multidisabilities is high. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seems to be more strongly associated with specific aetiological subgroups. Further development of the support to families and schools should be based on knowledge about the considerable heterogeneity of the population of children with blindness, and the common occurrence of coexisting neurodevelopmental disorders, especially<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]],"date-time":"2017-11-23T07:42:45Z","timestamp":1511422965000},"page":"295-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Children with blindness \u2013 major causes, developmental outcomes and implications for habilitation and educational support: a two\u2010decade, Swedish population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8576-0153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"de Verdier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Swedish National Agency for Special Needs Education and Schools Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ek","family":"Ulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"L\u00f6fgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus St. Erik Eye Hospital Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Fernell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM\u2010IV)","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA)","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.02100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078004416.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCD.0b013e328343515c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31824442b8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.3.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i2.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15380.x","article-title":"Relation between blindness due to retinopathy of prematurity and autistic spectrum disorders: a population\u2010based study","volume":"40","author":"Ek U","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01814.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-012-0209-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1825"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1110500603","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders and visual impairment are here to stay: using an expanded core curriculum to implement a comprehensive program of instruction","volume":"105","author":"Gense MH","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Autism and blindness: research and reflections","author":"Gibbons R","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702841"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2007.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01962.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1310700502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60178-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"\u201cAutism\u201d revisited: the case of congenital blindness. 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