{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:08:34Z","timestamp":1768687714214,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,26]],"date-time":"2018-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate and follow\u2010up ophthalmological findings in individuals diagnosed with neuroborreliosis, confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>) analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four individuals (13 males), mean age 43.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018.2\u00a0years, with strong clinical suspicion of neuroborreliosis, were referred to the Department of Ophthalmology by the Department of Infectious Diseases at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. All subjects underwent serological and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> analysis. A structured history taking and a detailed ophthalmological examination were performed prospectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnosis for neuroborreliosis was confirmed as <jats:italic>definite<\/jats:italic> in 16, <jats:italic>possible<\/jats:italic> in two and <jats:italic>negative<\/jats:italic> in four individuals, while two had <jats:italic>unknown<\/jats:italic> diagnosis. The majority (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a014\/18) with <jats:italic>definite<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>possible<\/jats:italic> diagnoses had ophthalmological symptoms and\/or findings either in history or at examination. The most common findings were visual disturbance, diplopia, red eyes, photophobia, facial palsy with palpebral diastasis, strabismus and sixth nerve palsy. The number of symptoms and findings was correlated with immunoglobulin G (IgG)\/IgM in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.6, p\u00a0=\u00a00.009\/0.016; Spearman's correlation). All subjects improved, except one with initially fulminant papilloedema, who still suffered from optic disc atrophy and affected visual fields at the last follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of patients diagnosed with neuroborreliosis had ophthalmological symptoms and\/or findings. Facial palsy with palpebral diastasis was a common finding. Onset of diplopia and\/or sixth nerve affection may be a first sign of neuroborreliosis. Number of ophthalmological findings was correlated with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> antibody titre. Ticks are becoming more widespread and abundant, resulting in a higher incidence of neuroborreliosis. Hence, the knowledge of ophthalmological symptoms and findings is of great importance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T05:02:00Z","timestamp":1535432520000},"page":"44-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ophthalmological findings in neuroborreliosis \u2013 a prospective study performed in western Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9220-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"\u0160kilji\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Sahlgrenska University Hospital M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Gustavsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Dotevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicable Disease Control Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Norrsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marita Andersson","family":"Gr\u00f6nlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Sahlgrenska University Hospital M\u00f6lndal Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"404","article-title":"Verhandlungen der Dermatologischen Gesellschaft zu Stockholm, 28 Oct 1909","volume":"101","author":"Afzelius A","year":"1910","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol 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