{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:06:56Z","timestamp":1783652816226,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine genetic influences on interocular similarities in ocular refraction and components of refraction among elderly female twins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Refraction was assessed in 94 monozygotic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content>) and 74 dizygotic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content>) female twins aged 66\u201378\u00a0years. Absolute values of interocular differences (Aniso variables) in spherical refraction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SR<\/jats:styled-content>), refractive astigmatism (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>), spherical equivalent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>), corneal refractive power (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content>), corneal astigmatism (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAST<\/jats:styled-content>), anterior chamber depth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>) and axial length (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>) were calculated. The differences between sisters in each of the Aniso variables were calculated and graded into two categories, best differentiating the groups, here isometropic and anisometropic values. The cut\u2010offs for grading as isometropic were Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.75 D, Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.5 D, Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a01.0 D, Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.5 D, Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAST<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.50 D, Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.1\u00a0mm and Anios<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.1\u00a0mm. Genetic influences on these traits were investigated by comparing the prevalence of isometropic and anisometropic differences between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> pairs in the Aniso variables and the interrelationships between the Aniso variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When the Aniso variables were treated as continuous, no significant differences were found between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> subjects. When the proportions of isometropic intratwinpair interocular differences in the Aniso variables in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> cotwins were compared, the prevalences (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content>) were Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SR<\/jats:styled-content>: 68%\/60%; Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>: 66%\/57%; Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>: 87%\/68%; Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content>: 83%\/78%; Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAST<\/jats:styled-content>: 69%\/35%; Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>: 77%\/63%; and Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>: 76%\/60%. The differences were statistically significant for Aniso <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> (p\u00a0=\u00a00.035, Fisher's exact test) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAST<\/jats:styled-content> (p\u00a0=\u00a00.007). The greater homogeneity in the interocular differences between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> sisters supports the assumption that isometropia of different elements of refraction is genetically influenced and tending to continue up to older ages. In cases where Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> was &lt;1.0 D, higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content> in one eye was associated with shorter <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.398, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), thereby contributing to emmetropization, irrespective of zygosity. In the cases of Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> \u22651 D, no similar influence on emmetropization was observed. The difference between sisters in Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with the intratwinpair difference in Aniso <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>, but not with the intratwinpair differences in Aniso<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content>, irrespective of zygosity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The higher prevalence of similarities in isometropia of the spherical equivalent and corneal astigmatism between the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> pairs compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> pairs is consistent with the view that genetic influences on the refractive elements of the eye, tending to isometropia, continue into older age. The interrelation between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content> tends to maintain isometropia of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> irrespective of zygosity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T12:15:06Z","timestamp":1548936906000},"page":"603-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Heredity of interocular similarities in components of refraction: a population\u2010based twin study among 66\u2010 to 79\u2010year\u2010old female twins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2976-8174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olavi","family":"P\u00e4rssinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Central Hospital of Central Finland Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyvaskyla Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kauppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyvaskyla Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Halekoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Kaprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Health National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taina","family":"Rantanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyvaskyla Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90251-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"325","article-title":"Mirror\u2010image optic nerve dysplasia with associated anisometropia in identical twins","volume":"68","author":"Cidis MB","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Myopias. 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