{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:01:26Z","timestamp":1792011686318,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mucins are vital to keep the ocular surface hydrated. Genes encoding for mucins contain a glucocorticoid response element. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluorometholone, a glucocorticoid receptor agonist used in the management of dry eye, on the gene expression of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cell mucins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stratified cultures of human conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells were exposed to 25, 50 and 100\u00a0nM of fluorometholone alone or in presence of mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> was isolated from the cells and reverse transcribed to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cDNA<\/jats:styled-content>. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cDNA<\/jats:styled-content> was used for quantification of gene expression of mucin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>) 1, 4, 16 and 19 using real\u2010time PCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluorometholone caused a dose\u2010 and time\u2010dependent increase in the gene expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>4, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>16 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>19 in the conjunctival as well as corneal epithelial cells. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, inhibited fluorometholone\u2010mediated increase in the gene expression of conjunctival and corneal mucins. At the tested concentration, neither fluorometholone nor mifepristone caused any notable changes in the cellular phenotype or viability of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluorometholone increases the gene expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>4, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>16 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>19 in the conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells through activation of glucocorticoid receptors. The increased expression of mucins can be an additional possible mechanism contributing to the beneficial effects of fluorometholone in dry eye in addition to its well\u2010known anti\u2010inflammatory effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T07:45:14Z","timestamp":1554795914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Fluorometholone modulates gene expression of ocular surface mucins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Chapman University School of Pharmacy Chapman University Irvine CA 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