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We systematically conducted this meta\u2010analysis based on observational studies published up to 15 January 2018, identified from PubMed and Web of Science. Two team members independently extracted the data and assessed the quality of each included study. Summary relative risk (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>) and 95% confidence intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>s) were calculated using a random\u2010effects model. Eight observational studies with 6870 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> cases were included. The majority of these studies (n\u00a0=\u00a06) were graded as low risk according to the Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Individuals diagnosed with glaucoma, compared to those who were not, had an increased risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.52; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.41\u20131.63; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a097%, p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). A significant finding was also observed for primary open\u2010angle glaucoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.52; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.41\u20131.63; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a097%, p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). However, when stratified by study design, only the case\u2013control studies (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.08; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.89\u20131.31; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a037.3%, p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.207) yielded significant results, while the cohort studies did not (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.08; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.89\u20131.31; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a097.7%, p\u00a0&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). Of note, our meta\u2010regression analysis suggested that study design might be a source of heterogeneity (p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.009). Additionally, a significantly positive association was observed when the analyses were restricted to Asia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.03; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.02\u20134.07). There was no significant publication bias in these analyses. Recent evidence suggests that glaucoma may increase the risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>. Additional cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings and to have improved knowledge on the true nature of this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T07:05:00Z","timestamp":1556003100000},"page":"665-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Association between glaucoma and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Xiao\u2010He","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing\u2010Yu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3843-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai\u2010Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000047976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00878.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2013.793726"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy422"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23926"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150804"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305863"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31802b3527"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"1132","article-title":"A case of suspected alphagan\u2010induced psychosis","volume":"118","author":"Kim DD","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804630"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217000801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.2856"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108938"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/1172"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4482"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.649228"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn065"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32621-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.7.917"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S69534"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","unstructured":"WellsGA SheaB O'ConnellD PetersonJ WelchV LososM&TugwellP.The Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta\u2010analyses. 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