{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T23:07:36Z","timestamp":1768345656686,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010318","name":"Landelijke Stichting voor Blinden en Slechtzienden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004786","name":"ODAS Stichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009954","name":"Stichting MaculaFonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003245","name":"Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001828","name":"Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["780989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["780989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the association between clinical and perinatal characteristics and subfoveal choroidal thickness in 9\u2010year\u2010old children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included data from the population\u2010based Generation R cohort, whose participants underwent cycloplegic refractometry, ocular biometry, height, weight and subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements using a swept\u2010source optical coherence tomography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCT<\/jats:styled-content>) instrument. Birth parameters were obtained using medical records. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariate regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity and sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1018 children (52.5% girls, 47.5% boys) with a mean age of 9.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.3\u00a0years and a mean cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction of 0.80\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1 D in boys and 0.81\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.4 in girls were eligible for analysis. The subfoveal choroid was 17\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m thicker in girls (298\u00a0\u00b1\u00a060.6\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m) than in boys (281\u00a0\u00b1\u00a055.0\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m; p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), a difference of 9.1\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m persisting after adjustment for age, ethnicity and axial length (p\u00a0=\u00a00.017). Subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased with increasing ocular axial length (\u221216.2\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m\/mm, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> \u221221.2 to \u221212.4, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and with increasing myopic refraction (\u221210.0\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m\/D, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 6.8\u201313.1; p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, adjusted for age, ethnicity, axial length and sex) while it increased with increasing body height (1.3\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m\/cm, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.8 to 1.9, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Additionally, choroidal thickness increased with increasing birthweight (13.0\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m\/kg; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.006\u20130.020; p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and increasing size for gestational age (8.2\u00a0<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m\/kg; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 4.6\u201311.8; p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Smoking up until the time that pregnancy became known was associated with a thinner choroid (p\u00a0=\u00a00.016). There was no detectable effect of alcohol consumption. The distributions of axial length, refraction and choroidal thickness were narrower than in older populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The subfoveal choroid was thicker in girls than in boys, and higher body height, higher birthweight and larger size for gestational age were associated with a thicker subfoveal choroid. The implications of these findings for myopia development need further evaluation in longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T16:29:23Z","timestamp":1565108963000},"page":"172-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Subfoveal choroidal thickness at age 9\u00a0years in relation to clinical and perinatal characteristics in the population\u2010based Generation R Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6735-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevser Zehra","family":"Biyik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3042-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Willem L.","family":"Tideman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan Roelof","family":"Polling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Epidemiology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Orthoptics School of Applied Science Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabri\u00eblle H. 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