{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:42:12Z","timestamp":1747183332843,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Necrotizing soft tissue infection, also known as necrotizing fasciitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>), is a fast\u2010spreading life\u2010threatening infection that most commonly affects the lower limbs, groin, or abdomen. Periocular necrotizing fasciitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNF<\/jats:styled-content>) is rare. Limited data exist on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNF<\/jats:styled-content> immune cell subset; hence, this study aims to determine the representation of immune cell subsets in patients diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNF<\/jats:styled-content> using immunohistochemical stainings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All patients diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNF<\/jats:styled-content> at Copenhagen University Hospital from 2008 to 2018 were included. Their electronic medical records and pathology reports were assessed, and available tissue specimens were reviewed and stained with monoclonal antibodies for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>1a<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Langerhans\u2019 cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T lymphocytes, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>15<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> granulocytes, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>44<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphohematopoietic cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> histiocytes, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>79<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B lymphocytes, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FXIII<\/jats:styled-content>a+ dendritic macrophages and Langerhans\u2019 cells. The number of positive cells was counted, and an average score was calculated. The location of immune cells and bacteria was assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The specimens were characterized by acute inflammation and necrosis of the fascia, while striated muscle involvement was less frequent. Haemolytic group A streptococci and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> were identified and mainly located in the deep dermis and subcutis in close relation to the fascia. Only few areas harboured both bacteria and inflammatory cells. Granulocytes, histiocytes and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>44<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphohematopoietic cells were demonstrated to be abundant in all patients, while B and T lymphocytes, dendritic macrophages and Langerhans\u2019 cells were less frequent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immune cell subsets found in this study of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNF<\/jats:styled-content> were consistent with those identified in the literature on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content> in other anatomical locations. This study concludes that immune cells are abundant and exhibit a typical pattern in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNF<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T04:20:52Z","timestamp":1564460452000},"page":"207-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Periocular necrotizing soft tissue infection in Greater Copenhagen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Natacha Storm","family":"W\u00fcrtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Eye Pathology Section Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4110-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauge Hjorth","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Eye Pathology Section Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesper Skovlund","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael Stormly","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin Bruun","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Copenhagen University Hospital 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