{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:40:29Z","timestamp":1747183229821,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Garcinia kola<\/jats:italic>(bitter kola) is locally ingested across the West African subregion. It has ocular hypotensive effects similar to some commonly used glaucoma medications when administered topically. The study assessed the effect of oral ingestion of<jats:italic>G.\u00a0kola<\/jats:italic>on intraocular pressure (IOP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A randomized, single\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled, cross\u2010over design was used in this study<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>Forty\u2010six healthy subjects, aged between 19 and 27\u00a0years were recruited and randomized into two groups (A and B). Subjects in group A ingested 100\u00a0mg\/kg body weight bitter kola in a 200\u00a0ml solution on their first visit and group B ingested 200\u00a0ml of water. On the second visit, the order of treatment was reversed, IOP was measured at baseline and every 45\u00a0min interval for 135\u00a0min. The mean difference between the baseline and post\u2010treatment IOP measurements were tested for statistical significance using repeated\u2010measures analysis of variance (95% confidence intervals [CIs]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean IOP measurements decreased by 7.9, 18.2 and 20.6% at 45, 90 and 135\u00a0min, respectively, after<jats:italic>G.\u00a0kola<\/jats:italic>treatment. The reduction, though variable across subjects, was statistically significant (F [2.13, 95.62]\u00a0=\u00a090.35, p<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.0001) across the respective time points. Repetition of an identical protocol without<jats:italic>G. kola<\/jats:italic>caused clinically negligible changes in IOP. There was no statistically significant influence of gender or age in<jats:italic>G.\u00a0kola<\/jats:italic>effect on IOP reading.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral ingestion of<jats:italic>G.\u00a0kola<\/jats:italic>lowered the intraocular pressure of healthy young adults by 21%. Such an effect may be of therapeutic benefit to patients with POAG or ocular hypertension in low\u2010income settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T14:24:44Z","timestamp":1586528684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oral consumption of<i>Garcinia kola<\/i>(Bitter kola) lowers intraocular pressure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Alex A.","family":"Ilechie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Jeduah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast 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Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theophilus","family":"Okyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obarijima","family":"Ngosaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry Madonna University Okija Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Effect of Garcinia kola extract on the intraocular pressures and papillary diameters of laboratory animals\u2019 eyes","volume":"6","author":"Adefule\u2010Ositelu AO","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nig Qtr J Hosp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Antifungal activities of garcinia kola extracts on purulent human ocular discharges in Lagos 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