{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:41:28Z","timestamp":1747183288230,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the fundus autofluorescence (FAF) lifetimes and spectral characteristics of individual drusen and hyperpigmentation independent of those with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in geographic atrophy (GA) areas in late\u2010stage age\u2010related macular degeneration (AMD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three consecutive patients with complete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA) exhibiting drusen that were calcified or associated with hyperpigmentation were investigated with multimodal non\u2010invasive ophthalmic imaging including colour fundus photography (CFP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), near\u2010infrared reflectance (NIR), blue FAF and fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO). Fluorescence lifetimes were measured in two spectral channels (short\u2010wavelength spectral channel (SSC): 500\u2013560\u2009nm and long\u2010wavelength spectral channel (LSC): 560\u2013720\u2009nm).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drusen lacking RPE coverage, as confirmed by CFP and OCT, had longer FAF lifetimes than surrounding cRORA by 127\u2009\u00b1\u200966\u2009ps (SSC) and 113\u2009\u00b1\u200948\u2009ps (LSC, both p\u2009=\u20090.008 in Wilcoxon test, N\u2009=\u20099) and by 209\u2009\u00b1\u2009100\u2009ps (SSC) and 121\u2009\u00b1\u200956\u2009ps (LSC, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, N\u2009=\u200914) in two patients. Hyperpigmentation in CFP in a third patient shows strong FAF with prolonged lifetimes. In the SSC, persistent FAF was found inside cRORA. A crescent\u2010shaped hyperfluorescence in an area of continuous RPE but lacking outer retina was seen in one eye with a history of anti\u2010VEGF treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short\u2010wavelength fluorescence in cRORA points to fluorophores beyond RPE organelles. Fluorescence properties of drusen within cRORA differ from in\u00a0vivo drusen covered by RPE. These limited findings from three patients give new insight into the sources of FAF that can be further elucidated in larger cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T05:57:00Z","timestamp":1626242220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spectral and lifetime resolution of fundus autofluorescence in advanced age\u2010related macular degeneration revealing different signal sources"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Rowena","family":"Schultz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2478-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somar","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mount Sinai Hospital New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Meller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9674-8096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"},{"name":"Center for Medical Optics and Photonics University of Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24883"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"BIO211","article-title":"Activated retinal pigment epithelium, an optical coherence tomography biomarker for progression in age\u2010related macular degeneration","volume":"58","author":"Curcio CA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis 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