{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:52:17Z","timestamp":1780447937796,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Ishihara pseudoisochromatic (PIC) plate test is the most used test for identifying red\u2010green colour\u2010deficient individuals, but it is not known how the Ishihara results compare with that of genetics testing. Here, the outcome of genotype analysis of <jats:italic>OPN1LW<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>OPN1MW<\/jats:italic> was compared with that of the Ishihara (24\u2010plate ed., 1964) and the Hardy\u2010Rand\u2010Rittler (4th ed. 2002) PIC plate tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy participants with normal habitual visual acuity (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009454, 16\u201324\u2009years; 193 males; logMAR\u2009\u2264\u20090.00) gave saliva samples for opsin gene analysis and performed the two PIC plate tests as part of a cross\u2010sectional study. The criteria for failing the PIC tests were according to manufacturers' instructions. DNA was extracted and used in genotyping assays of <jats:italic>OPN1LW<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>OPN1MW<\/jats:italic> genes from each participant using the Agena MassArray genotyping system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten male (5.2%) and 3 (1.1%) female participants were identified as red\u2010green colour deficient based on PIC tests alone. The combination of MassArray and PIC test results identified 10.4% of male and 0.8% of female participants to be colour deficient (males: 0.5% protan and 9.9% deutan; females: 0.8% deutan). Hardy\u2013Weinberg calculations based on male frequencies from combining the MassArray and the PIC test results gave female frequency estimates of colour deficiency and carriers closely matching measured frequencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>MassArray identified twice as many colour\u2010deficient males as identified from PIC tests alone. Combining results from MassArray and the PIC tests proves to be more reliable than any single test at correctly identifying red\u2010green colour\u2010deficient individuals and carriers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T14:24:24Z","timestamp":1643898264000},"page":"805-812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Limitation of standard pseudoisochromatic plates in identifying colour vision deficiencies when compared with genetic testing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1394-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solveig","family":"Arnegard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care Faculty of Health and Social Sciences University of South\u2010Eastern Norway  Kongsberg Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3259-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigmor C.","family":"Baraas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care Faculty of Health and Social Sciences University of South\u2010Eastern Norway  Kongsberg Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Neitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9017-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lene A.","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care Faculty of Health and Social Sciences University of South\u2010Eastern Norway  Kongsberg Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Neitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523804213463"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523806233297"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4576"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523808080619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Diagnosis of defective colour vision","author":"Birch 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