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To compare the safety and efficacy of two methods of intraocular delivery: subretinal and\/or intravitreal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A suspension of BM\u2010MNCs was injected subretinally or intravitreally in the left eyes of P23H\u20101 and RCS rats at post\u2010natal day (P) 21. At different survival intervals after the injection: 7, 15, 30 or 60\u2009days, the retinas were cross\u2010sectioned, and photoreceptor survival and glial cell responses were investigated using immunodetection of cones (anti\u2010cone arrestin), synaptic connections (anti\u2010bassoon), microglia (anti\u2010Iba\u20101), astrocytes and M\u00fcller cells (anti\u2010GFAP). Electroretinographic function was also assessed longitudinally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intravitreal injections (IVIs) or subretinal injections (SRIs) of BM\u2010MNCs did not produce adverse effects. The transplanted cells survived for up to 15\u2009days but did not penetrate the retina. Both IVIs and SRIs increased photoreceptor survival, decreased synaptic degeneration and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in M\u00fcller cells but did not modify microglial cell activation and migration or the electroretinographic responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intravitreal and subretinal syngeneic BM\u2010MNCs transplantation decreases photoreceptor degeneration and shows anti\u2010gliotic effects on M\u00fcller cells but does not ameliorate retinal function. Moreover, syngeneic BM\u2010MNCs transplants are more effective than the xenotransplants of these cells. 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