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A total of 30 participants who were exposed to tobacco smoke both during foetal life and childhood had thinner RNFL: \u22129.6 \u03bcm (\u221213.4; \u22125.8 \u03bcm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Smoking during pregnancy was also associated with a macular thickness deficit: \u22124.7 \u03bcm (\u22129.0; \u22120.4 \u03bcm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03). Higher indoor concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) was associated with thinner RNFL: \u22123.6 \u03bcm (\u22125.6; \u22121.6 \u03bcm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and a macular deficit: \u22122.7 \u03bcm (\u22125.3; \u22120.1 \u03bcm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) in the crude analyses, but not in the adjusted analyses. No difference was found among participants who smoked at age 18\u2009years compared with non\u2010smokers on RNFL or macular thickness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that exposure to smoking during early life was associated with a thinner RNFL and macula at age 18\u2009years. The absence of an association between active smoking at 18\u2009years suggests that the vulnerability of the optic nerve is highest during prenatal life and early childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T05:50:32Z","timestamp":1678513832000},"page":"737-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations of pre\u2010 and postnatal exposures with optic nerve status in young adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linna","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet  Glostrup Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen 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