{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T06:04:02Z","timestamp":1782540242415,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the impact of different levels of COVID\u201019 social restrictions (social distancing in 2020, large\u2010scale home confinement in 2021) on myopia prevalence and behaviours in a preschool population with school\u2010based eyecare programme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeated cross\u2010sectional surveys were conducted between August and December in 2019, 2020 and 2021. Children aged 5\u20136\u2009years received ocular examinations, and questionnaires were answered by caregivers before the day of the examination. The main outcome measures were the changes in after\u2010school time spent on homework, screen\u2010based devices and outdoors. Secondary outcome was the change in myopia prevalence (spherical equivalent [SE]\u2009\u2264\u2009\u22120.5\u2009D in either eye after cycloplegia).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 9997 preschoolers were included in the analysis. Under tighter restrictions, more preschoolers spent \u22651\u2009h\/day on screen\u2010based devices (42.8% in 2019, 45.2% in 2020, 48.9% in 2021, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and fewer preschoolers spent \u226530\u2009min\/day on after\u2010school outdoor activities (49.5% in 2019, 46.0% in 2020, 41.0% in 2021, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) on weekdays. A similar trend was found on weekends. While more preschoolers spent \u22652\u2009h\/day on screen\u2010based devices (35.3% in 2019, 38.5% in 2020, 43.0% in 2021, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), fewer preschoolers spent \u22652\u2009h\/day on outdoor activities (41.7% in 2019, 41.7% in 2020, 34.0% in 2021, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The mean SE and myopia prevalence were stable (9.1% in 2019, 10.3% in 2020, 9.4% in 2021, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.707).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study showed dose\u2010dependent effect of social restrictions on near\u2010work and outdoor behaviours at home. The prevalence of myopia did not increase significantly with short\u2010term cessation of school\u2010based eyecare programmes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T10:53:55Z","timestamp":1683284035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The prevalence of myopia remains stable under tighter COVID\u201019 social restriction in preschoolers receiving a school\u2010based eyecare program"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5774-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Chieh","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Show Chwan Memorial Hospital  Changhua 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