{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:36:56Z","timestamp":1788914216429,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess relationships between ocular biometric parameters in dependence of age and sex in children and adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the Ural Children Eye Study, a school\u2010based cohort study, 4933 children underwent an ophthalmological and general examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complete biometric measurements were available for 4406 (89.3%) children. Cycloplegic refractive error (mean: \u22120.87\u2009\u00b1\u20091.73 diopters (D); median: \u22120.38 D; range: \u221219.75 D to +11.25 D) increased (multivariable analysis; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.73) with shorter axial length (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.99; non\u2010standardized regression coefficient <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22121.64; 95% CI: \u22121.68, \u22121.59) and lower corneal refractive power (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.55; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.67; 95% CI: \u22120.70, \u22120.64), in addition to higher cylindrical refractive error (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.10; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.41), thinner lens (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.11; \u22120.85; 95% CI: \u22121.02, \u22120.69) and male sex (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.15; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.57). In univariate analysis, decrease in refractive error with older age was more significant (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.38 vs. <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.25) and steeper (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.22 (95% CI: \u22120.24, \u22120.20) vs. <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.13 (95% CI: \u22120.15, \u22120.11)) in girls than boys, particularly for an age of 11+\u2009years. Axial length increased with older age (steeper for age &lt;11\u2009\u2009years) (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.22 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.25) vs. 0.07 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.09)). In multivariable analysis, axial length increased with lower refractive error (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.77; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.42; 95% CI: \u22120.43, \u22120.40) and lower corneal refractive power (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.54; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.39; 95% CI: \u22120.41, \u22120.38), in addition to older age (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.04; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.03), male sex (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.13; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.32), higher cylindrical refractive error (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.05; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.14) and thinner lens (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.14; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.62; 95% CI: \u22120.72, \u22120.51). The axial length\/corneal curvature (AL\/CR) ratio increased until the age of 14\u2009years (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.34; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.017; 95% CI: 0.016, 0.019; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090001), and then became independent of age. The AL\/CR ratio increased (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.78) mostly with higher corneal refractive power (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.25; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.02; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), lower refractive error (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.75; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.05; 95% CI: \u22120.05, \u22120.05; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), thinner lens thickness (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: \u221201.6; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.09; 95% CI: \u22120.10, \u22120.08; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and older age (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>: 0.16; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>: 0.006; 95% CI: 0.005, 0.007; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this multiethnic group of school children in Russia, the age\u2010related increase in myopic refractive error was more significant and steeper in girls, particularly for the age group of 11+\u2009years. Determinants of higher myopic refractive error were longer axial length, higher corneal refractive power, lower cylindrical refractive error, thicker lens and female sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T12:15:42Z","timestamp":1683288942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Associations between axial length, corneal refractive power and lens thickness in children and adolescents: The Ural Children Eye Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Mukharram M.","family":"Bikbov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ufa Eye Research Institute  Ufa Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyulli M.","family":"Kazakbaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ufa Eye Research Institute  Ufa Russia"},{"name":"Ufa Eye Institute  Ufa 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