{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:46:05Z","timestamp":1792176365308,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess various aspects of visual function in school children prenatally exposed to opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) and to explore possible outcome differences between prenatal methadone and buprenorphine exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cross\u2010sectional case\u2013control study, 63 children aged 5\u201313\u2009years with prenatal OMT exposure were compared with 63 age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched, non\u2010exposed controls regarding important visual parameters, such as visual acuity, orthoptic status, refractive state, colour vision, and visual field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The OMT\u2010exposed children had significantly poorer visual acuity, both for the best eye, the worst eye and binocularly. Two children had mild visual impairment. Manifest strabismus was more frequent in the OMT group, 30%, vs. 4.8% in the control group. The most frequent types of strabismus were accommodative esotropia and intermittent exotropia. Manifest nystagmus was present in 10 (16%) of the exposed children compared to one among the non\u2010exposed children. The accommodative amplitude was decreased in the OMT group compared to the controls. After adjusting for polydrug exposure and SGA (small\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age), the between\u2010group differences in visual acuity, strabismus, and nystagmus remained. The methadone\u2010exposed children had poorer visual acuity, increased frequency of strabismus and a higher percentage of nystagmus, hypermetropia and astigmatism compared to the buprenorphine\u2010exposed children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>School\u2010age children exposed to methadone or buprenorphine in utero had a higher prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus, and a lower visual acuity and accommodation amplitude. Buprenorphine exposure was associated with more favourable results than methadone exposure on most visual outcome measures and should be the preferred substance in OMT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T10:11:00Z","timestamp":1694599860000},"page":"409-420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Visual function in Norwegian children aged 5\u201313\u2009years with prenatal exposure to opioid maintenance therapy: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Anne Kathinka","family":"Aslaksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics S\u00f8rlandet Hospital  Arendal Norway"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine K1 Faculty of Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gro Horgen","family":"Vikesdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry Radiography and Lighting Design University of South\u2010Eastern Norway  Kongsberg Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marit Torbergsen","family":"Voie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology S\u00f8rlandet Hospital  Arendal Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Rowlands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology S\u00f8rlandet Hospital  Arendal Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Skranes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics S\u00f8rlandet Hospital  Arendal Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6019-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olav H.","family":"Haugen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine K1 Faculty of Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.104997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000621"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Nasjonal retningslinje for gravide i legemiddelassistert rehabilitering (LAR) og oppf\u00f8lging av familiene frem til barnet n\u00e5r skolealder [only in Norwegian: national guidelines for pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) and follow\u2010up of their families until the children reach school age]","author":"Bakstad B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/reprodmed2040019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12627"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15634"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00561.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.169284"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Hamilton R. 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