{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:32:54Z","timestamp":1777422774871,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, home\u2010based and remote learning\u2014particularly using electronic devices\u2014was rapidly pushed out. Increased near\u2010work, screen time exposure and lack of outdoor time are risk factors that contribute to childhood myopia, but it is difficult to adopt recommendations from prior publications as a consistent limitation in the literature is the heterogeneity of research methodology. This review seeks to systematically evaluate how observational studies published during the pandemic have quantified and measured risk factors and myopia in school\u2010going children and adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three scientific databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus) were systematically searched from March 2020 to April 2022. Findings from relevant studies were descriptively summarised in relation to the PICOS\u2010based objective of the review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The final sample of 13 studies included research from six countries and comprised 1\u2009411\u2009908 children and adolescents. The majority of studies (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910; 76.9%) used spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of \u22120.5 dioptres or lower as a common definition of myopia. Most studies (77.8%) measuring screen time exposure found it higher during COVID\u201019 compared to pre\u2010COVID, but only one study used objective measurement of screen time. The average critical appraisal score of the sample was only 66.1%, with a considerable number of studies failing to identify and adjust for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future studies should consider emergent objective and validated measures of risk factors, account for potential a priori confounders and covariates and ensure more representativeness in the sociodemographic makeup of their samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T07:58:26Z","timestamp":1696319906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How can we better evaluate paediatric progression of myopia and associated risk factors? Lessons from the <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 pandemic: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-6371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerrald","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Ling","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janelle Shaina","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cherie Hui","family":"Peh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ker\u2010Kan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. 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