{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:44:30Z","timestamp":1787013870537,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Ophthalmologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether automated intra\u2010 and subretinal fluid (IRF\/SRF) volume measurements are equivalent to manual evaluations by eye care professionals from different backgrounds on real\u2010world optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in neovascular age\u2010related macular degeneration (nAMD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine OCT images (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering) were obtained during standard\u2010of\u2010care anti\u2010VEGF treatment for nAMD at a tertiary referral centre. IRF\/SRF presence and change (increase\/decrease\/stability) were assessed without time constraints by five retinologists, three ophthalmology residents, three general ophthalmologists, three orthoptists and three certified readers. Fluid volumes were segmented and quantified using a regulatory\u2010approved AI\u2010based tool (Vienna Fluid Monitor, RetInSight, Vienna, Austria). Sensitivity\/specificity (Sen\/Spe) for grading fluid presence and kappa agreement were calculated for each group. Their performances in distinguishing between IRF\/SRF increase and decrease were assessed using AUCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      About 124 follow\u2010up visit pairs of 59 eyes with active nAMD were included. Across all five groups, fluid volumes &gt;5\u2009nL were identified with values of 0.81\u20130.95 (Sen)\/0.70\u20130.91 (Spe) for IRF and 0.89\u20130.98 (Sen)\/0.74\u20130.90 (Spe) for SRF. Interpretations of IRF changes between \u221217\u2009nL and +3\u2009nL and SRF changes between \u22129.30\u2009nL and +6.50\u2009nL were associated with Sen\u2009&gt;\u20090.80 and Spe\u2009&gt;\u20090.87 among all groups. Agreements between the algorithm and groups in grading IRF\/SRF presence ranged from\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.69\u20130.82\/0.73\u20130.79. The AUC for correctly classifying fluid change was &gt;0.89 across all groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eye care professionals with different levels of clinical expertise assessed disease activity on standard OCT images with comparable accuracy. Despite optimizing the methodology and time resources, manual performance did not reach the high level of automated fluid monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.17458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T07:04:32Z","timestamp":1739516672000},"page":"552-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    \u2010based retinal fluid monitoring in neovascular age\u2010related macular degeneration with manual assessment by different eye care professionals under optimized conditions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2725-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Michl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Medical University Vienna  Vienna 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